1. Cities, Immigrants, and Farmers
Unit 6
Cities, Immigrants, and Farmers

2. Cities What is Urbanization? Reasons for Urbanization (pull factors)
Railroads made it easier to move to cities
Cities had more cultural opportunities and night life
Rise of factories created more jobs

3. Problems for New Cities
Overcrowding
Lack of needed resources
Slums
Poor sanitation
Political Corruption
Pollution
Vast wealth differences
Traffic congestion

4. Political Machines
Political machines controlled local politics by “encouraging” citizens to vote for their candidates, and by exchanging political favors and other rewards
The most famous political machine was Tammany Hall (NYC) led by William “Boss” Tweed
These political machines would make profits by overcharging on city contracts and “kickbacks”
Eventually, the public turned on the political machines led by Thomas Nast who attacked Tweed and Tammany Hall in his series of political cartoons

5. Immigrants Old Immigrants (before 1880) New Immigrants (1880-1924)
Most came from Western Europe
Most came from Southern and Eastern Europe
Most came to America to escape religious persecution or to find new economic opportunities
Most came to America to escape religious or political persecution
Most spoke English
Most spoke little to no English
Most were processed through Ellis Island

6. Immigrant Challenges
Most immigrants took the first unskilled job they were offered in the Northeast or Midwestern U.S.
To help them assimilate into American society, immigrants often settled into ghettos – urban neighborhoods with the same nationality as their own
This allowed immigrants to “assimilate” into American society slowly while still maintaining their ethnic cultural heritage
The immigrant children would attend public schools, learn English, and “assimilated” quicker. This sometimes caused conflict between immigrant family generations.

7. Asian Immigration Chinese immigrants
Most arrived after the discovery of gold in California in 1848
Some became laborers for the transcontinental railroad and could earn 10 times more money than in China
They were heavily discriminated against due to the way they looked, dressed and lack of English language
U.S. passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 which placed a ban on Chinese immigration for 10 years
After 1910, limited Chinese merchant immigration continued and they were processed at Angel Island in San Francisco

8. Asian Immigration (continued) The Rise of Nativism (late 19th century)
Japanese immigration
First immigrants arrived in 1869 from Japan, providing a source of cheap labor, working on farms, mines, and railroads
In 1907 a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” was negotiated with Japanese leaders, which prevented further immigration into the U.S. except for the wives and children of the men already in the U.S.
The Rise of Nativism (late 19th century)
Nativism – belief that native born Americans were superior to others
Americans viewed the new immigrants as dirty and unhealthy, fearing they would lower American standard of living
Led to the rise of anti-immigration societies (KKK, Immigration Restriction League)

9. Problems for Farmers
Agricultural overproduction – grew more crops than needed, so prices fell….good for the consumer, terrible for the farmer
International competition – improved transportation allowed foreign countries to ship crops to America quickly and cheaply
Middlemen – farmers sold their crops to “middlemen” when the prices were low, then the “middlemen” would sell the crops to the main cities when the prices were high
High shipping costs – railroads charged more money to ship shorter distances than longer distances
Farm debt – deflation made farmer’s loan payments hard to pay as food prices continued to drop
Natural disasters – farmers were at the mercy of mother nature, including crop diseases, insects, and droughts

10. Grange Movement
Oliver Hudson Kelley organized the “Grange Movement” in 1867
This farmer association tried to break the rural isolation and spread new farming techniques
Within 10 years, there were 1.5 million members
Tried to replace the “middlemen” with cooperatives
Farmers turned to politics, electing many state legislators that passed farmer friendly laws regulating railroad rates and grain storage rates
Munn v. Illinois (1877) the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a state government could regulate a private utility if it was serving the public interest
Wabash v. Illinois (1886) the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state governments could not regulate railroads running through more than one state, invalidating many “Granger Laws”

11. Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
Congress passed this legislation to regulate unfair business practices, like having different railroad rates for shipping the same distances, or charging more for shorter distances
Populist Party
Formed by members of the local “Farmers Alliances” to represent farmers on the national level
Convinced the Democratic and Republican Party had “sold out” to banking interests, they fought for coining of silver and using a bimetal system to back our currency
Established the “Omaha Platform” seeking many changes to the federal government
Examples were limiting the presidency to one term, government ownership of railroads, direct election of senators, restriction on immigration, etc.

12. Election of 1896 William McKinley (R) vs. William Jennings Bryan (D)
Bryan defeated the incumbent president Cleveland by supporting the farmers and denounced the bankers in his famous “cross of gold” speech at the Democratic National Convention
This brought the populists under the democratic party umbrella as they did not want to split the silver coinage vote
McKinley won the support of most of the newspapers as well as the big businessmen of the era and raised 10 times the campaign money as Bryan
As a result, McKinley won the Northeast, Midwest, and Pacific states winning the election by a close margin