1. Aqueous Systems
The wonder of water

2. Water as a liquid
High surface tension and low vapor pressure are due to hydrogen bonding

3. Water as a solid
Water actually expands slightly as the tendency to actually arrange in a lattice moves the molecules farther apart than when in the liquid state

4. Terminology Solvent: the dissolving medium
Solute: that which is dissolved
Aqueous solution: solution with water as the solvent
Solvation: the process of a solute dissolving, becoming surrounded by solvent molecules

5. Electrolytes and nonelectrolytes
Electrolytes: compounds, when in an aqueous state or molten, that will conduct electricity; this occurs because the ions of the compound become mobile.
Non-electrolytes: see above. Basically, molecular compounds that are not composed of ions.
Strong vs. weak: degree of ionization

6. Hydrates Compounds with “bound” water as part of the formula.
Example: CuSO4·5H2O
Example: MgSO4·7H2O
Efflorescence: the process of losing this water
Hygroscopy: the process of removing water from the atmosphere, absorbing it. Compounds like this are hygroscopic or deliquescent (will form solutions).

7. More Aqueous systems
Suspensions: a solution where the particles can separate over time
Colloids: heterogeneous mixture whose particles are smaller than a suspension and display the Tyndall Effect, that is they scatter light