1. WoC Ch 3.8 Intro to the Periodic Table
Objective: Learn about various features of the periodic table
Objective: Learn some of the properties of metals, non-metals, and metalloids

2. Periodic Table 6 C 12.001 Elements are listed
A chart that shows all of the known elements and gives a lot of information about each
Atomic number
Chemical symbol
Mass Number
On the periodic table in order of increasing atomic number

3. More arrangement… Russian scientist Arranged by families Chlorine and Fluorine behave similarly, as do potassium and sodium What are the atomic numbers of Cl, F, K, and Na
Elements are also arranged in specific horizontal rows and vertical columns
Dmitri Mendeleev-Father of the Periodic Table
Mendeleev arranged the P.T. this way because of similarities in the chemical properties of various “families” of elements
The periodic table refers to the fact that as we increase the numbers, every so often an element occurs with properties similar to those of a lower number element
____,____,____,____

4. Vertical columns are called Groups are often referred to by See Discovery School Circle Periodic Table Many groups have special names Group 1 Group 2 Group 7 (17) Group 8 (18) Large collection spanning many vertical columns
Families and/or Groups
The number over the column
For simplicity we delete all of the “A”s
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
Halogens
Noble gases
Transition metals

5. Relatively small number of elements in the upper right hand corner of the periodic table Many non-metals are One is liquid Several non-metals are Elements that lie close to the stair-step line
Non-Metals
Lack characteristics of metals
Have more variation in their properties
Gaseous
Bromine (Br)
Solids
Metalloids or Semi-metals
Show a mixture of metallic and non-metallic properties

6. Most elements are metals
Physical properties
Efficient conduction of heat and electricity
Malleable
Ductile
A lustrous (shiny) appearance
Most metals are solid at room temperature

7. Knowledge of the Periodic Table…
Is extremely useful in the study of chemistry!
Describe most of the elements on the periodic table.
List one element that is liquid at room temperature.
What information is usually found in each individual square of the periodic table?

8. WoC Chapter 3.9 Natural States of the Elements
Objective 1: Learn the natures of the common elements

9. Atoms from different elements are chemically bonded
Gold, Silver, Platinum
Noble Gases: He, Ne, Kr, Xe, Rn
Pure element, existing as single atom: Argon
Diatomic molecules: N2 & O2
Molecules made of 2 atoms
Define Compound Noble Metals(Relatively unreactive) Group 8 Air sample yields Diatomic molecules

10. 7 Diatomic Molecules to know Most elements in Group 7 and Group are liquids in elemental form Non-metallic structures are more varied Ex:
H,N,O,F,Cl,Br,I are all diatomic molecules
Are gases at room temperature (25°C)
Hg (Mercury) and
Br (Bromine)
Allotropes-elements whose atoms make different forms
Carbon:
Diamond, graphite, buckminster fullerene

11. WoC Chapter 3.10 Ions
Objective 1: Describe the formation of ions form their parent atoms and learn to name them.
Objective 2: Predict which ion a given element forms by using the periodic table.

12. Q: If an atom has a certain number of protons in the nucleus and an equal number of electrons in its valence shell, what can be said about the overall charge of the atom?
A: The fact that the number of protons and electrons is equal results in an exact balance of positive and negative charges. Thus, an atom is neutral. It has zero net charge!!

13. A charged entity
negative ion forms
positive ion forms
11 protons
11 electrons
11+
10-
Na Na+ + e-
Positive ion
Negative ion
Magnesium forms a 2+ cation
Aluminum forms a 3+ cation
Ion Take a neutral atom Add an electron Remove an electron Ex: Sodium atom Z=11 One electron is lost = 1+ Cation Anion Cations Mg Mg2+ + 2e- Al Al3+ + 3e-

14. Using the name of the parent atom Na+ Sodium ion Mg2+ Magnesium
Cations are named Sodium Na Magnesium Mg Anion Anions Chlorine Cl + e- Fluorine F + e- Bromine Br + e- Iodine I + e-
Using the name of the parent atom
Na Sodium ion
Mg2+ Magnesium
Negatively charged ion
Gain electrons
Cl- F-
Br- I-

15. Anions are named Chlorine becomes Some atoms gain 2 electrons ex: Oxygen O + 2e- Sulfur S + 2e- Ions are always formed
By taking the root name of the atom and changing the ending to –ide
Chloride
O2- oxide ion
S2- sulfide ion
By removing electrons from an atom or adding electrons to an atom

16. CHANGING THE # OF PROTONS!!!
IONS ARE NEVER FORMED BY Isolated atoms do not form ions on their own When metals and nonmetals react Metals and nonmetals tend to form compounds that
CHANGING THE # OF PROTONS!!!
Most ions are formed when metallic elements combine with nonmetallic elements
Metal atoms tend to lose one or more electrons, which are in turn gained by atoms of the nonmetal
Contain metal cations and nonmetal anions

17. WoC Chapter 3.11 Compounds That Contain Ions
Objective 1: To describe how ions combine to form neutral compounds

18. Chemists have reason to believe that many chemical compounds contain ions Consider common table salt (NaCl) As a solid When melted Pure water but when salt is dissolved in water
800°C to melt
1500 °C to boil
Will not conduct electricity
Is a very good conductor
The solution readily conducts electricity

19. These properties are best explained by picturing NaCl as containing Na+ ions and Cl- ions

20. Sodium chloride breaking apart (ionizing) in solution

21. Electric current can travel along a metal wire because The moving electrons In ionic substances Thus, substances that contain ions can conduct an
Electrons are free to move through the wire
Carry the current
the ions carry the current
Electric current only if the ions can move.

22. Electron movement in wire and ionic substances

23. The body uses ions in the Sodium/Potassium Pump in Cell membranes

24. In solid NaCl, ions are tightly held and cannot move
In solid NaCl, ions are tightly held and cannot move. However, As a result, an electric current can travel through The same reasoning applies to NaCl dissolved in water
When solid is melted and becomes liquid, the structure is disrupted and the ions can move
The melted salt!
When the solids dissolve, the ions are dispersed in the water and can move!

25. We recognize substances that contain ions Many substances contain ions These substances are called … A chemical compound must have
By their characteristic properties.
Very high melting point
Conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water
Whenever a compound forms between a metal and a nonmetal, it can be expected to contain ions.
IONIC COMPOUNDS
A net charge of zero!

26. If a compound contains ions
There must be both positive (cations) ions and negative (anions) ions.
The number of cations and anions must be such that the net charge is zero

27. Na+ + Cl- NaCl

28. Na+ + Cl- NaCl

29. Mg2+ + O MgO

30. More Ionic Bonding

31. Remember this Periodic Table trend?

32. When bonding… You must have ions: anions and cations
When they combine, the resulting compound will have no net charge
This means that the number of atoms of each element must be accounted for so that the number of anions and cations in the compound is the same
You notate the number of atoms needed by using subscripts. Ex: Na2O, MgCl2