TEN STEPS to IMPROVING COLLEGE READING SKILLS

TEN STEPS to IMPROVING COLLEGE READING SKILLS
This presentation should be viewed in “Slide Show” view to display properly. [Mac: Go to “Slide Show” pulldown menu and click on “Play from Start.”] [PC: Go to “Slide Show” tab and click on “From beginning.”] Use the tab key, space bar, arrow keys, or page up/down to move through the slides. These slides are optimized for PowerPoint versions 12 (2007/2008) and 14 (2010/2011). If viewed in earlier versions of PowerPoint, some slides may not display properly. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

TEN STEPS to IMPROVING COLLEGE READING SKILLS
SIXTH EDITION TEN STEPS to IMPROVING COLLEGE READING SKILLS John Langan Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Authors use two common methods to show relationships and make their ideas clear. These two methods are transitions and patterns of organization. See page 181 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Two common types of relationships are: Relationships that involve addition Relationships that involve time See page 181 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions Which item below is easier to read and understand? A. One way to lose friends is to talk but not listen. A way to end friendships is to borrow money and not pay it back. B. One way to lose friends is to talk but not listen. Another way to end friendships is to borrow money and not pay it back. See page 181 in textbook. Answer : B The next slide shows and explains the answer. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions You probably found the second item easier to understand. A. One way to lose friends is to talk but not listen. A way to end friendships is to borrow money and not pay it back. B. One way to lose friends is to talk but not listen. Another way to end friendships is to borrow money and not pay it back. See pages 181–182 in textbook. The word Another makes it clear that the writer is adding a second way to lose friends. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions Transitions are words or phrases (like another) that show relationships between ideas. They are like signs on the road that guide travelers. Or they can be seen as “bridge” words, carrying the reader across from one idea to the next. B. One way to lose friends is to talk but not listen. Another way to end friendships is to borrow money and not pay it back. See pages 181–182 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions Two major types of transitions are words that show addition and words that show time. See pages 181–182 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions Words That Show Addition Which item below is easier to read and understand? A. Many people rent DVDs because rental is cheaper than tickets to a movie theater. DVDs are now available online as well as in stores. B. Many people rent DVDs because rental is cheaper than tickets to a movie theater. Also, DVDs are now available online as well as in stores. See page 182 in textbook. Answer : B The next slide shows and explains the answer. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Addition You probably found the second item easier to understand. A. Many people rent DVDs because rental is cheaper than tickets to a movie theater. DVDs are now available online as well as in stores. B. Many people rent DVDs because rental is cheaper than tickets to a movie theater. Also, DVDs are now available online as well as in stores. See page 182 in textbook. The author is providing reasons why renting movies is popular. The first reason is that renting DVDs is cheaper than buying tickets to the movies. A second reason is that the movies are so readily available. The word also makes it clear that another reason is being given. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Addition Also and words like it are known as addition words. B. Many people rent DVDs because rental is cheaper than tickets to a movie theater. Also, DVDs are now available online as well as in stores. Addition words signal added ideas. These words tell you a writer is presenting one or more ideas that continue along the same line of thought as a previous idea. See page 183 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Addition See pages 182–183 in textbook. In this cartoon, the speaker is presenting three pieces of information about her health. Addition words help her organize her information and present it clearly. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Addition Here are some common words that show addition: Addition Words Examples Rivers serve as highways for migrating birds. Also, the nearby wetlands provide the birds with places in which to rest and feed. See page 183 in textbook. Garlic improves the flavor of many dishes. In addition, it lowers cholesterol, fights heart disease, and kills certain viruses. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Addition In these examples, notice how the addition words introduce ideas that add to what has already been said. Examples Rivers serve as highways for migrating birds. Also, the nearby wetlands provide the birds with places in which to rest and feed. See page 183 in textbook. Garlic improves the flavor of many dishes. In addition, it lowers cholesterol, fights heart disease, and kills certain viruses. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions Words That Show Time Which item below is easier to read and understand? A. The two neighboring families used to get along well. They are not on speaking terms. B. Previously, the two neighboring families got along well. Now they are not on speaking terms. See page 184 in textbook. Answer : B The next slide shows and explains the answer. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Time You probably found the second item easier to understand. A. The two neighboring families used to get along well. They are not on speaking terms. B. Previously, the two neighboring families got along well. Now they are not on speaking terms. See page 184 in textbook. The words previously and now in the second item clarify the relationship between the sentences: Before, the families got along well; and now they don’t speak to each other. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Time Previously and now and words like them are time words. B. Previously, the two neighboring families got along well. Now they are not on speaking terms. Time words tell us when something happened in relation to when something else happened. See page 184 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Time See page 184 in textbook. In this cartoon, the words Next, Then, and Now indicate when each of the events happened in the speaker’s career. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Time Here are some common words that show time: Time Words Examples While the nurse prepared the needle, I rolled up my sleeve. Then I looked away. See page 185 in textbook. During my last semester in college, I spent more time job hunting than I did studying. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Time In these examples, notice how these words show us when something takes place. Examples While the nurse prepared the needle, I rolled up my sleeve. Then I looked away. See page 185 in textbook. During my last semester in college, I spent more time job hunting than I did studying. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Time Helpful Tips about Transitions TIP TIP 1 Some transition words have the same meaning. For example, also, moreover, and furthermore all mean “in addition.” Authors typically use a variety of transitions to avoid repetition. See page 185 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Transitions / Words That Show Time TIP TIP 2 In some cases the same word can serve as two different types of transitions, depending on how it is used. For example, the word first may be used as an addition word to show that the author is presenting a series of points, as in the following sentences: For many athletes, life after a sports career is a letdown. First, they are often not prepared for nonathletic careers. In addition, they . . . See page 185 in textbook. First may also be used to signal a time sequence, as in these sentences: A trip to a giant supermarket can be quite frustrating. First, you have trouble finding a parking space close to the store. Then, . . . Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization You have learned that transitions show the relationships between ideas in sentences. In the same way, patterns of organization show the relationships between supporting details in paragraphs, essays, and chapters. Two major patterns of organization are: The list of items pattern (Addition words are often used in this pattern of organization.) See page 186 in textbook. The time order pattern (Time words are often used in this pattern of organization.) Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization 1 The List of Items Pattern See page 187 in textbook. A list of items refers to a series of reasons, examples, or other points that support an idea. The items have no time order, but are listed in whatever order the author prefers. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern See if you can arrange the following sentences in a logical order. Which sentence should come first? Second? Third? Last? A. One common strategy is to consume massive quantities of junk food, which is easily done thanks to all the ever-present convenience stores and fast-food restaurants. B. There are some widely popular, inappropriate methods that people use to combat stress. C. Finally, watching hours of nonstop TV can put people in a stupor that helps them forget the problems of everyday life. D. Another way to deal with stress is to doze or sleep for hours and hours, even during the day. See page 187 in textbook. Answer : B, A, D, C The next slide shows the answer. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern The sentences should read as follows: There are some widely popular, inappropriate methods that people use to combat stress. One common strategy is to consume massive quantities of junk food, which is easily done thanks to all the ever-present convenience stores and fast-food restaurants. Another way to deal with stress is to doze or sleep for hours and hours, even during the day. Finally, watching hours of nonstop TV can put people in a stupor that helps them forget the problems of everyday life. Main idea 1 2 3 See page 187 in textbook. This paragraph begins with the main idea. The next three sentences go on to list three of the methods. The result is the pattern of organization known as a list of items. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern Addition words are often used in a list of items to tell us that other supporting points are being added to a point already mentioned. Addition Words Used in the List of Items Pattern See pages 187–188 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern In this paragraph, the transitions One, Another, and Finally introduce the points being listed and indicate their order. There are some widely popular, inappropriate methods that people use to combat stress. One common strategy is to consume massive quantities of junk food, which is easily done thanks to all the ever-present convenience stores and fast-food restaurants. Another way to deal with stress is to doze or sleep for hours and hours, even during the day. Finally, watching hours of nonstop TV can put people in a stupor that helps them forget the problems of everyday life. 1 2 3 Addition Words Used in the List of Items Pattern See pages 187–188 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern The paragraph below is organized as a list of items. Like all social institutions, sports serve various purposes. First, they provide the leisure-time exercise so necessary in a society in which most jobs provide little or no physical activity. Second, sports supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. Emotions such as anger and frustration can be expressed in ways that are acceptable to society—through both watching and participating in sports. Finally, sports give society role models. At their best, athletes, especially famous ones, are examples of dedication, hard work, and conduct for others to imitate. See page 188 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern What is the main idea in the paragraph? Like all social institutions, sports serve various purposes. First, they provide the leisure-time exercise so necessary in a society in which most jobs provide little or no physical activity. Second, sports supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. Emotions such as anger and frustration can be expressed in ways that are acceptable to society—through both watching and participating in sports. Finally, sports give society role models. At their best, athletes, especially famous ones, are examples of dedication, hard work, and conduct for others to imitate. Main idea: Sports serve several purposes. See page 188 in textbook. Answer : Sports serve several purposes. The next click shows the answer. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern What addition transition signals the first major detail? Like all social institutions, sports serve various purposes. First, they provide the leisure-time exercise so necessary in a society in which most jobs provide little or no physical activity. Second, sports supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. Emotions such as anger and frustration can be expressed in ways that are acceptable to society—through both watching and participating in sports. Finally, sports give society role models. At their best, athletes, especially famous ones, are examples of dedication, hard work, and conduct for others to imitate. 1 Main idea: Sports serve several purposes. See page 188 in textbook. Answer : First The next click shows the answer. 1. They provide leisure-time exercise. The addition transition First signals the first major detail—that they provide leisure-time exercise. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern What addition transition signals the second major detail? Like all social institutions, sports serve various purposes. First, they provide the leisure-time exercise so necessary in a society in which most jobs provide little or no physical activity. Second, sports supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. Emotions such as anger and frustration can be expressed in ways that are acceptable to society—through both watching and participating in sports. Finally, sports give society role models. At their best, athletes, especially famous ones, are examples of dedication, hard work, and conduct for others to imitate. 2 Main idea: Sports serve several purposes. See page 188 in textbook. Answer : Second The next click shows the answer. 1. They provide leisure-time exercise. 2. They supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. The addition transition Second signals the second major detail—that they provide an outlet for energies. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern What addition transition signals the third major detail? Like all social institutions, sports serve various purposes. First, they provide the leisure-time exercise so necessary in a society in which most jobs provide little or no physical activity. Second, sports supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. Emotions such as anger and frustration can be expressed in ways that are acceptable to society—through both watching and participating in sports. Finally, sports give society role models. At their best, athletes, especially famous ones, are examples of dedication, hard work, and conduct for others to imitate. 3 Main idea: Sports serve several purposes. See page 188 in textbook. Answer : Finally The next click shows the answer. 1. They provide leisure-time exercise. 2. They supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. 3. They give society role models. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The List of Items Pattern Like all social institutions, sports serve various purposes. First, they provide the leisure-time exercise so necessary in a society in which most jobs provide little or no physical activity. Second, sports supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. Emotions such as anger and frustration can be expressed in ways that are acceptable to society—through both watching and participating in sports. Finally, sports give society role models. At their best, athletes, especially famous ones, are examples of dedication, hard work, and conduct for others to imitate. Main idea: Sports serve several purposes. See page 188 in textbook. 1. They provide leisure-time exercise. 2. They supply an outlet for energies that might otherwise strain the social order. 3. They give society role models. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization 2 The Time Order Pattern Authors usually present events in the order in which they happen, resulting in the time order pattern of organization. See page 190 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern See if you can arrange the following sentences in a logical order. Which sentence should come first? Second? Third? Last? A. Next, the two people declare themselves a couple, telling friends and relatives about the new person in their lives. B. The two people then make a commitment to have an exclusive relationship with each other. C. A relationship begins when two people show interest in each other and choose to spend time together. D. Last, the two people formalize the relationship by cohabitation or marriage. See page 190 in textbook. Answer : C, B, A, D The next slide shows the answer. Clues to the order of the above sentences are time transitions. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern The sentences should read as follows: A relationship begins when two people show interest in each other and choose to spend time together. The two people then make a commitment to have an exclusive relationship with each other. Next, the two people declare themselves a couple, telling friends and relatives about the new person in their lives. Last, the two people formalize the relationship by cohabitation or marriage. Time word Time word Time word Time word See page 190 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern Here again is the list of time words you saw earlier: Time Words Used in the Time Order Pattern See page 190–191 in textbook. In addition to the time transitions listed above, signals for the time order pattern include such words as stages, series, steps, and process. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern The two most common kinds of time order are 1) a series of events or stages and and 2) a series of steps (directions for how to do something). See page 191 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Events or Stages This paragraph is organized according to time order. Children master language in predictable stages. First, at about six months, babies start to repeat simple sounds, such as “ma-ma-me-me.” About three or four months later, they can repeat sounds that others make and carry on little conversations. These interchanges are rich in emotional meaning, although the sounds themselves are meaningless. At the next stage, toddlers learn the meanings of many words, but they cannot yet talk. A toddler might understand a sentence such as “Bring me your sock” but be unable to say any of the words. Finally, the child begins to talk in single words and in two-word sentences. See page 191 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Events or Stages The main idea of the paragraph is suggested in the first sentence. Children master language in predictable stages. First, at about six months, babies start to repeat simple sounds, such as “ma-ma-me-me.” About three or four months later, they can repeat sounds that others make and carry on little conversations. These interchanges are rich in emotional meaning, although the sounds themselves are meaningless. At the next stage, toddlers learn the meanings of many words, but they cannot yet talk. A toddler might understand a sentence such as “Bring me your sock” but be unable to say any of the words. Finally, the child begins to talk in single words and in two-word sentences. Main idea: Children master language in predictable stages. See pages 191–192 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Events or Stages What time transition introduces the first stage? Children master language in predictable stages. First, at about six months, babies start to repeat simple sounds, such as “ma-ma-me-me.” About three or four months later, they can repeat sounds that others make and carry on little conversations. These interchanges are rich in emotional meaning, although the sounds themselves are meaningless. At the next stage, toddlers learn the meanings of many words, but they cannot yet talk. A toddler might understand a sentence such as “Bring me your sock” but be unable to say any of the words. Finally, the child begins to talk in single words and in two-word sentences. Main idea: Children master language in predictable stages. Stage 1—At about six months, babies begin repeating simple sounds. See pages 191–192 in textbook. Answer : First The next click shows the answer. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Events or Stages What time transition introduces the second stage? Children master language in predictable stages. First, at about six months, babies start to repeat simple sounds, such as “ma-ma-me-me.” About three or four months later, they can repeat sounds that others make and carry on little conversations. These interchanges are rich in emotional meaning, although the sounds themselves are meaningless. At the next stage, toddlers learn the meanings of many words, but they cannot yet talk. A toddler might understand a sentence such as “Bring me your sock” but be unable to say any of the words. Finally, the child begins to talk in single words and in two-word sentences. Main idea: Children master language in predictable stages. Stage 1—At about six months, babies begin repeating simple sounds. Stage 2—Three or four months later, babies can repeat sounds and carry on little “conversations.” See pages 191–192 in textbook. Answer : later The next click shows the answer. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Events or Stages What time transition introduces the third stage? Children master language in predictable stages. First, at about six months, babies start to repeat simple sounds, such as “ma-ma-me-me.” About three or four months later, they can repeat sounds that others make and carry on little conversations. These interchanges are rich in emotional meaning, although the sounds themselves are meaningless. At the next stage, toddlers learn the meanings of many words, but they cannot yet talk. A toddler might understand a sentence such as “Bring me your sock” but be unable to say any of the words. Finally, the child begins to talk in single words and in two-word sentences. Main idea: Children master language in predictable stages. Stage 1—At about six months, babies begin repeating simple sounds. Stage 2—Three or four months later, babies can repeat sounds and carry on little “conversations.” See pages 191–192 in textbook. Answer : next The next click shows the answer. Stage 3—Toddlers understand many words but cannot talk. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Events or Stages What time transition introduces the fourth stage? Children master language in predictable stages. First, at about six months, babies start to repeat simple sounds, such as “ma-ma-me-me.” About three or four months later, they can repeat sounds that others make and carry on little conversations. These interchanges are rich in emotional meaning, although the sounds themselves are meaningless. At the next stage, toddlers learn the meanings of many words, but they cannot yet talk. A toddler might understand a sentence such as “Bring me your sock” but be unable to say any of the words. Finally, the child begins to talk in single words and in two-word sentences. Main idea: Children master language in predictable stages. Stage 1—At about six months, babies begin repeating simple sounds. Stage 2—Three or four months later, babies can repeat sounds and carry on little “conversations.” See pages 191–192 in textbook. Answer : Finally The next click shows the answer. Stage 3—Toddlers understand many words but cannot talk. Stage 4—The child talks in single words and in two-word sentences. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Events or Stages Children master language in predictable stages. First, at about six months, babies start to repeat simple sounds, such as “ma-ma-me-me.” About three or four months later, they can repeat sounds that others make and carry on little conversations. These interchanges are rich in emotional meaning, although the sounds themselves are meaningless. At the next stage, toddlers learn the meanings of many words, but they cannot yet talk. A toddler might understand a sentence such as “Bring me your sock” but be unable to say any of the words. Finally, the child begins to talk in single words and in two-word sentences. Main idea: Children master language in predictable stages. Stage 1—At about six months, babies begin repeating simple sounds. Stage 2—Three or four months later, babies can repeat sounds and carry on little “conversations.” See pages 191–192 in textbook. Stage 3—Toddlers understand many words but cannot talk. Stage 4—The child talks in single words and in two-word sentences. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern Series of Steps (Directions) See page 194 in textbook. When authors give directions, they use time order. They explain step 1, then step 2, and so on through the entire sequence of steps that must be taken toward a specific goal. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions) Here is a paragraph that gives directions. Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. See page 194 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions) The first sentence states the main idea. Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. See pages 194–195 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions) The time word First introduces the first step. 1 Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. See pages 194–195 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions) What time word introduces the second step? Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. 2 See pages 194–195 in textbook. Answer : When Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions) The time word Next introduces the third step. Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. 3 See pages 194–195 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions) What time word introduces the fourth step? Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. 4 See pages 194–195 in textbook. Answer : Then Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions) The time word After introduces the fifth step. Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. 5 See pages 194–195 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions) What time word introduces the sixth step? Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. 6 See pages 194–195 in textbook. Answer : Finally Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions) The main idea and the six steps can be outlined as follows. 1 Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. 2 Main idea: Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. 1. Lie down, arms at your sides and fingers open. See pages 194–195 in textbook. 2. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and clear your mind. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions) 1 Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. 2 3 4 5 6 Main idea: Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. 1. Lie down, arms at your sides and fingers open. See pages 194–195 in textbook. 2. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and clear your mind. 3. Tighten all muscles at once. 4. Let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. 5. Take a deep breath, hold it, let it out, and breathe slowly and easily. 6. Think of a pleasant scene as you feel yourself relax. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / The Time Order Pattern / Series of Steps (Directions) Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. First, lie down with your arms at your sides and your fingers open. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and put all distracting thoughts out of your mind. Next, tighten all the muscles of your body at once. Do this by pushing your toes together, tightening your buttocks and abdomen, clenching your fists, and squeezing your eyes shut. Then, let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. After that, take a deep breath through your mouth, hold it for twenty seconds, and then let it out slowly, breathing slowly and easily, as you do when you are sleeping. Finally, think of a pleasant scene as you feel your whole body becoming calm and relaxed. Main idea: Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. 1. Lie down, arms at your sides and fingers open. See pages 194–195 in textbook. 2. When you are comfortable, close your eyes and clear your mind. 3. Tighten all muscles at once. 4. Let everything relax, and feel the tension flow out of your body. 5. Take a deep breath, hold it, let it out, and breathe slowly and easily. 6. Think of a pleasant scene as you feel yourself relax. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization A paragraph’s main idea often indicates its pattern of organization. Paying close attention to the main idea can give you a quick sense of a paragraph’s pattern of organization. See page 196 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I
Patterns of Organization / A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization Here is an example of a main idea sentence that suggests the paragraph will have a time order: There are several steps to remembering your dreams. The words several steps suggest that the paragraph will be organized according to time order. See page 196 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

Here is a sentence that suggests the paragraph will
CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization Here is a sentence that suggests the paragraph will be a list of items: Various theories explain the aging process. The words various theories suggest that this paragraph will be a list of items. See page 196 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization Try to figure out the pattern of the paragraph with this main idea: While there are thousands of self-help groups, they all fall into three basic categories. A. List of items B. Time order See page 196 in textbook. Answer : A The next slide shows and explains the answer. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization While there are thousands of self-help groups, they all fall into three basic categories. A. List of items B. Time order See page 196 in textbook. The phrase “three basic categories” is a strong indication that the paragraph will list those categories. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization Three Final Points 1 While many passages have just one pattern of organization, often the patterns are mixed. For example, you may find that part of a passage uses a list of items pattern, and another part of the same passage uses a time pattern. See page 197 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / Three Final Points 2 You may have noted that when an author presents a series of events or stages or steps, that series is itself a list of items. For example, here’s a time order passage: To read and study a textbook more effectively, follow a few helpful steps. First, preview the reading, taking a couple of minutes to get a quick sense of what the selection is about. Next, read and mark the selection, using a highlighter pen to set off important points. Then write up a set of study notes that summarize the most important ideas in the selection. Last, go over and over the ideas in your notes until you know the material. See page 197 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / Three Final Points To read and study a textbook more effectively, follow a few helpful steps. First, preview the reading, taking a couple of minutes to get a quick sense of what the selection is about. Next, read and mark the selection, using a highlighter pen to set off important points. Then write up a set of study notes that summarize the most important ideas in the selection. Last, go over and over the ideas in your notes until you know the material. See page 197 in textbook. The above passage is indeed made up of a list of items. But what makes it a time order passage is that the list of items appears not at random but in a time sequence. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5: Relationships I Patterns of Organization / Three Final Points 3 Remember that not all relationships between ideas are signaled by transitions. An author may present a list of items, for example, without using addition words. As you read, watch for the relationships themselves, not just the transitions. See page 197 in textbook. Copyright © 2014 Townsend Press. All rights reserved.

TEN STEPS to IMPROVING COLLEGE READING SKILLS

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "TEN STEPS to IMPROVING COLLEGE READING SKILLS"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

TEN STEPS to IMPROVING COLLEGE READING SKILLS

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "TEN STEPS to IMPROVING COLLEGE READING SKILLS"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback