1. Hinduism and Buddhism

3. Caste System
The caste system divides Hindus into four main categories - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras.
There is another group that is made up of the “untouchables”.
Many believe that the groups originated from Purusha, a cosmic spirit or Brahman the universal being- each caste making up a portion of the body.

4. ॐ Hinduism National religion of India
Based on variety of beliefs and practices
Can be viewed as henotheistic: recognize existence of many gods but believe in only one supreme god. (this is a form of polytheism)

5. Hinduism
God: Brahman – all of the universe is one entity

6. Hinduism Three most important facets/aspects of Brahman:
Brahma – Creator
Continues to create new creations
Vishnu – Preserver
Preserves new creation, sometimes by traveling to earth if necessary
Shiva – Destroyer
Can be compassionate or destructive

7. Hinduism Belief in reincarnation
The soul is reborn into another body after death
Karma determines where you are born
Karma- the accumulation of good or bad deeds
Therefore your actions determine your station in life

8. Hinduism (Reincarnation, cont.)
One can be born into a higher caste or lower caste
Eventually, one can escape the cycle and reach enlightenment
Called moksha
Prayer, rituals, self-denial and rejection of worldly possessions can help achieve this

9. Hinduism Belief in dharma
Dharma: duties you are expected to perform, the ethical way in which you are supposed to behave. Your role is based on your caste.
Belief in ahimsa: nonviolence towards all living things

10. Color: Saffron (Represents fire from Brahman)
Hindu Symbols ॐ
Aum (or Om)
Represents Brahman, everything that is absolute in the universe
Swastika
Represents everything that is good in the world
Means “it is well” or “may good prevail”
Color: Saffron (Represents fire from Brahman)

11. Buddhism Founded by Siddhartha Gautama Called Buddha
Means “Enlightened One”
Legend:
Born into luxury, became shocked when he drove around in his chariot and saw poverty and sickness
Left wife and newborn son to wander around India at age 29
Lived as hermit for 7 years until finally finding enlightenment

12. Buddhism Related to Hinduism Shares belief of:
Karma
(accumulation of good or bad deeds)
Dharma
(but in this case is the teachings of Buddha telling you how to act/live)
Reincarnation
(rebirth)
Differs: Rejection of caste system

13. Buddhism Teachings: Four Noble Truths: The truth of suffering (dukkha)
All people suffer and know sadness and sorrow
The truth of the cause of suffering (samudaya)
People suffer because of their desires

14. Buddhism Teachings: Four Noble Truths:
3. The truth of the end of suffering (nirodha)
Suffering could end by elimination desires
4. The truth of the path frees us from suffering (magga)
By following the Eightfold Path one could eliminate desires

15. Buddhism Eightfold Path Know truth Resist evil
Say nothing to hurt others
Respect life
Work for the good of others
Free your mind from evil
Control your thoughts
Practice meditation

16. Buddhism Purpose: To reach nirvana (enlightenment)
More philosophy than religion, but can be considered both or either
The Middle Way is important
Away from extremes
Moderation

17. Color Symbolism in Buddhism
Blue = coolness, infinity
Black = hate, primordial darkness
White = knowledge, purity
Red = sacred blood, life
Green = balance, harmony
Yellow = earth, renunciation

18. What is Diffusion?
the spreading of something more widely

19. Diffusion of Buddhism The first “great missionary faith”
Spread into Afghanistan by 1 A.D.
Spread into China between A.D.
Reached Japan and Korea by 500 A.D.

20. Diffusion of Buddhism
Ashoka was the first ruler to send out Buddhist missions to convert other nations, helping the religion spread

21. Diffusion of Buddhism
In some places, Buddhism merged with local traditions
Examples:
Zen Buddhism in Japan
Pure Land and Chan Buddhism in China
Buddhism in Vietnam

22. Buddhism Throughout Asia
Japan

23. Buddhism Throughout Asia
China

24. Buddhism Throughout Asia
Vietnam

25. Buddhism Throughout Asia
Thailand
Afghanistan

26. Ancient China
What was the first Chinese Dynasty?

27. Ancient China
Early societies in China developed along the Yangtze and Huang He (Yellow River)
It is the 3rd longest river in the world
People lived here for 27,000 years

28. Shang China (1700B.C. – 1100 B.C.)
The Shang was the first Chinese dynasty
Agrarian
Did not use plows
Only used wooden and stone hand tools
First Chinese group with written language
Used oracle bones

29. Shang China (1700B.C. – 1100 B.C.) Shang capital was at Zhengzhou
It had walls 30 feet high, 65 feet wide and over 4 miles long!

30. Oracle Bones Sometimes called dragon bones Used to predict the future
Process:
A question was written on the bone.
The bone was fired and a T shaped crack appeared
The crack was interpreted
The interpretation was then written on the bone.
After the predicted event occurred, the date of the occurrence was also written on the bone.

31. Oracle Bone

32. Shang Religion The Shang religion had two main components:
Worship of Shang Ti
Supreme god who ruled over lesser gods and the forces of the earth (rain, wind, sun)
Ancestor Worship

33. Shang Religion Another act of worship was human sacrifice
When a king died, often hundreds of servants would be sacrificed with him
For less important events, like the opening of a temple, smaller numbers would be sacrificed

34. What is the Mandate of Heaven?

35. Zhou China (1100 B.C. – 250 B.C.)
Nomadic tribe that defeated the Shang dynasty
Established the idea of the “Mandate of Heaven” to validate their rule and get rid of the Shang
Mandate of Heaven: Authority to rule was granted by heaven (universal powers) to deserving rulers

36. Zhou China (1100 B.C. – 250 B.C.) Feudal system of government
Land given to vassals in return for loyalty, etc
Cities divided into two parts:
One for Zhou citizens
One for Shang persons

37. Map of Zhou China at its greatest extent

38. “Warring States Period” (475 B.C. – 221 B.C.)
The last portion of the Zhou dynasty is called the Warring States Period
This is because many large states in China were fighting to control the whole empire

39. “Warring States Period” (475 B.C. – 221 B.C.)
The Warring States Period is considered the Golden Age of Chinese Philosophy
Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism was developed during this time

40. Confucianism Founded by Kongfuzi (551-479 B.C.)
(anglicized as Confucius)
Taught that social harmony and good government would return to China if people lived ethically
Writings were collected and called the Analects

41. Taoism Based on teachings of Laozi
Called Tao Te Ching
Emphasizes harmony of individual with nature
The “tao” – universal force that guides all things

42. Legalism Developed from Hanfeizi
Humans are evil by nature and need a strict law
Used to support strict laws and harsh punishments

43. Qin China (221 B.C. – 206 B.C.) China was unified by Qin Shi Huangdi
Name means “First Emperor”
Utilized cavalry to conquer his enemies

44. Qin China (221 B.C. – 206 B.C.)
Divided his empire into 36 military districts
Each had a civil governor, a military commander, and an imperial inspector
Each was subdivided into counties

45. Qin China (221 B.C. – 206 B.C.) Legalist form of government
Qin Shi Huangdi destroyed the power of the nobles
All nobility were removed from their positions and sent to live in the capital
This prevented local leaders from becoming strong enough to challenge the Emperor

46. Qin China (221 B.C. – 206 B.C.)
213 B.C. - Afraid of rebellion from the literate, Qin burned thousands of books relating to philosophy and government
Peasants hated Qin for his forced-labor gangs which constructed immense public works

47. End of Qin China
Qin Shi Huangdi died in 210 B.C. and was succeeded by his son
Son was weak leader
Hatred for Qin boiled over into rebellion in 206 B.C.

48. Qin China
The greatest extent of Qin territory

49. Achievements of the Qin
Standardized the Chinese language
Standardized system of measurements and currency
Set up a unified law code for China
We get the modern day name for China from the Qin

50. Qin China (221 B.C. – 206 B.C.) Famous for the Terracotta Army
Over 8000 terracotta soldiers who were to protect the emperor in the afterlife

54. Qin China (221 B.C. – 206 B.C.)
Connected walls built along the northern border of China to form the Great Wall - a precursor to the current Great Wall

56. Confucianism Founded by Kongfuzi (551-479 B.C.)
(anglicized as Confucius)
Taught that social harmony and good government would return to China if people lived ethically
Writings were collected and called the Analects

57. Confucianism & Government
Confucius taught that teaching ethics to people would allow them police each other
What does that mean???

58. Confucianism & Government
Confucius believed in a meritocracy
That means that jobs are given to the most qualified, not just to those of noble birth

59. Examination System
This was a system for developing the Chinese bureaucracy
a bureaucracy is a system where government departments are managed by state officials rather than elected officials.

60. Examination System How did this system do that?
The most qualified candidates would be hired
This would be determined by written examinations in Confucian writings and teachings
Eventually, almost all people in China could take these exams and work for the government if they were qualified
Why was it beneficial to work for the government?

61. Social Classes in Chinese Society
Landowners
Peasants
Merchants

62. Status of Landowners in Chinese culture
Wealthy
Powerful – formed first bureaucracies

63. Status of Peasants in Chinese culture
≈ 90% of all the people
Most lived in villages and walked to fields surrounding their villages
Paid taxes of produce and livestock and had to work one month a year on public works projects (roads, walls, etc.)
Could be drafted into the army

64. Status of Merchants in Chinese culture
Includes: shopkeepers, traders, & bankers
Generally not allowed to take civil service examinations
Confucianism said pursuit of profit = bad

65. Confucianism Stressed the importance of five relationships:
Ruler & subject
Parent & child
Filial piety: children respecting their parents
Husband & wife
Old & young
Friend & friend

66. Patriarchal Family Family members were not equals
Top – oldest male (father), followed by males in chronological order, then females

67. Patriarchal Family Role of the Father
Determined education, career and marriages for his children
Controlled finances
Rewarded or punished as he saw fit
Structured, each member had specific duties