1. Cell Types and Cell Structures
Topic 2
Cell Types and Cell Structures

2. Living things are made of…. Cells!!!

3. Bacterial Cells (unicellular) Prokarote
Obj 6
Bacterial Cells (unicellular) Prokarote

4. An amoeba (unicellular) Eukaryote
Obj 7
An amoeba (unicellular) Eukaryote

5. Plants (multicellular) Eukaryotic
Obj 7
Plants (multicellular) Eukaryotic

6. Animals (multicellular) Eukaryotic
Obj 7
Animals (multicellular) Eukaryotic

7. The Cell Theory OBJ 4 Two BIG ideas
All living things are composed of cells
All cells come from other cells
Other parts of Cell Theory
Cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living thing
Activity of the organism depends on the total activity of the independent cells
Energy flow occurs within cells
All cells have the same biochemical composition (made of protein, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids)

8. What structures do all cells have in common?
OBJ 6,7
What structures do all cells have in common?
All cells contain nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
All cells have ribosomes and make proteins
All cells have a cell membrane

9. HOW DO PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS COMPARE?

12. Obj 8
PROKARYOTIC (bacterial) CELL
EUKARYOTIC CELL

13. Obj 6,7
Two Basic Cell Types
Organelles
No organelles

14. How do Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes differ?
OBJ 8
How do Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes differ?
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Structurally simpler
Membrane bound organelles
Nucleoid - Coiled DNA, free in cytoplasm
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Size 10 to 100 micrometers
Size 1 t0 10 micrometers
Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
Bacteria and Archaea
Most have a cell wall
Plants have a cell wall

15. Plant cells vs. Animal cells
OBJ 8
Plant cells vs. Animal cells
Plant cells
Animal cells
Cell wall
Cell Membrane only
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
Mitochondria only
Large water vacuole

16. Cell Organelles

17. Organelle Functional groups
Manufacturing
Nucleus
Ribosomes
ER (Rough & Smooth)
Golgi apparatus
Breakdown/storage
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Energy Processing
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Support, Movement, Communication
Cytoskeleton (includes cilia & flagella)
Cell membrane
Cell Wall

18. Cell Membrane
Obj 6, 7
Barrier between the outside and inside of a cell
Consists of….
Phospholipids
Transport proteins
Cholesterols (fluidity)
Carbohydrates (cell surface markers)

19. Cytoplasm Obj 6,7 Gel like substance that is inside the cell membrane.
Organelles are imbedded in it
Contains dissolved substances
Location of many biochemical reactions

20. Ribosome Obj 6,7 Not membrane bound Made up of protein and RNA
Involved in Protein Synthesis
Can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum
TEM images of ribosome’s

21. Nucleus Obj 7 Location of most of the cells DNA
DNA in chromatin form (DNA wound around special proteins)
Nuclear envelope - double membrane with pores
TEM image of a plant cell

22. Obj 7
Nucleolus
Makes ribosomal RNA - important ingredient in protein synthesis

23. Mitochondrion Obj 7 Singular form for mitochondria
Start here with C-block

24. Obj 7
Mitochondria
Double membrane structure that is the site of aerobic respiration - energy conversion process
Membrane contains many transport proteins that are used in aerobic respiration
Sometimes called the “power house” of the cell
TEM image of a Mitochondria

25. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Obj 7
Rough ER
Part of the internal membrane system (endomembrane system)
Provides division of space with in the cell
Rough ER has attached ribosome’s
Location of protein synthesis
Forms vesicles that deliver “products” to the Golgi apparatus
Start here with G

26. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Obj 7
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

27. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Obj 7
Endoplasmic Reticulum

28. Golgi Apparatus Obj 7 Part of the internal membrane system
Forms vesicles for exocytosis
Releases “products” to the external environment
Also forms lysosomes

29. Obj 7
ER and Golgi Apparatus

30. Lysosomes Obj 7 Membrane bound Contains enzymes
Formed by the golgi apparatus
Fuse with vesicles formed by endocytosis - enzymes digest (intercellular digestion)
Breakdown damaged cell structures

31. Dynamic Cell: Organelles work together
Dynamic Cell: Organelles work together!Rough ER, Golgi Apparatus, lysosomes, food vacuoles and cell membrane

32. Chloroplasts
Obj 7
Found in plant cells
Location of Photosynthesis

33. Obj 7
Chloroplasts
Light microscope image

34. Vacuole Obj 7 Water storage in plant and animal cells
Plant cells have a large central water vacuole
Food vacuoles exist in many organisms

35. Cell Wall Obj 6,7 Rigid structure found in plants and most prokaryotes
Gives plants structure
Matrix of polysaccharides (cellulose) and proteins

36. Obj 6, 7
Cell Wall

37. Obj 6, 7
Cytoskeleton
Provides structure and shape to the inside of cells
Organizes and anchors some organelles

38. Obj 6, 7
Cytoskeleton

39. Flagella Obj 6, 7 E. coli Bundled microtubules
Surrounded by the plasma membrane

40. Obj 6, 7
Cilia
Microtubules
Rhythmic motion produces movement

41. Centrioles Obj 7 Structure involved in forming microtubules
Involved in cell replication

42. Organelle Functional groups
Manufacturing
Nucleus
Ribosomes
ER (Rough & Smooth)
Golgi apparatus
Breakdown/storage
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Energy Processing
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Support, Movement, Communication
Cytoskeleton (includes cilia & flagella)
Cell membrane
Cell Wall

43. The Dynamic Cell

44. Why must cells be small? Enough materials and internal structures
OBJ 5
Why must cells be small?
Enough materials and internal structures
Surface area to volume ratio

45. Surface Area to Volume Ratio
OBJ 5
Surface Area to Volume Ratio