1. Plants

2. Plant Characteristics
Many celled
Cell walls
Chlorophyll
cuticle

3. Evolution and Classification
Evolved from green algae
First plants were small and lived close to water
Non vascular: no specialized tissues to transport water
liverworts
Mosses
Vascular plants: have tissues that can transport water (tubelike structures) / successfully grow on land
Can produce Seeds and flower – important adaptations
Examples are conebearing trees and flowering plants

4. Chemistry in Plants Photosynthesis:
Light (absorbed by chlorophyll) + water (roots) + CO2 (enters through stomates) makes glucose + water + oxygen

5. Nonflowering Plants
Ex.’s mosses, ferns, horsetails, cone-bearing trees
Life Cycle of Nonflowering Plant:
Sporophyte: Non sexual stage produces spore
fertilization
Produces spores
Produces sperm cells
Gametophyte: sexual stage / produces egg and sperm

6. Bryophytes
Mosses:attaches to the ground by small rhizoids (root-like structures).No true roots
Water travels via osmosis
Liverworts: found in wet areas of a forest or bog.
Flat leaflike structures
rhizoids

7. Nonflowering Vascular Plants
Can grow tall because of tubelike vascular tissues to carry food and water
Can grow almost anywhere on land

8. Ferns Grow in forests Warm tropical or seasonal areas Small
True roots, stems (usually underground), and leaves (fronds)
Contain vascular tissue
Sporophyte (larger and lives longer) and gametophyte lifecycles

9. Horsetails Club Mosses
Life cycle similar to fern
Club Mosses
Have vascular tissue / are not mosses / tropical areas

10. Gymnosperms Nonflowering vascular plants that produce seeds
Conebearing trees (pine and redwood)
Seed is for protecting and nourishing embryo
Don’t need water for sperm to swim in to get to egg instead travel as dustlike particles in the air called Pollen

11. Groups of Gymnosperms
Conifers (needle shaped leaves and seeds produced in cones)
Cycads (remains of ancient forests)
Gnetophytes (long straplike leaves and bears clusters of small cones on short stalks)
Ginkgo (fan-shaped leaves and fleshy cones and leaves fall from tree in autumn)

12. conifers
Cycads
Gnetophytes
Ginkgo

13. Characteristics of Flowering Plants
Angiosperms – produce seeds within a flower
Evolved from gymnosperms
Have vascular tissue and produce pollen
Flowers contain sex organs
Male sex organ makes pollen
Female sex organ makes egg cells

14. Adaptations that help plants reproduce
Colorful and complex flowers – depend on insects, bats or hummingbirds to carry pollen. Characteristics that attract pollen carriers:
Shape
Scent
Color
Most flowers are grouped together in clusters some have only 1 single flower

15. Angiosperm Classification
2 groups based on number of seed cotyledons (leaflike parts of the plant embryo inside the seed)
1. Monocot:
1 cotyledon
Parallel vein pattern
Scattered bundles of vascular tissue in stem
Fibrous roots
Ex. Grasses, corn, tulips, palms

16. Angiosperm Classification
Dicots
Two cotyledons
Leaves have branching pattern of veins
Bundles of vascular tissue are arranged in a ring.
Large thick taproot
Ex. Oak, maple, fruit trees
Tomato plants, pea plants, sunflowers

17. Vascular Plant Systems
Xylem – a set of linked cells where water and minerals travel (from the root to the shoot system)
Water is used in photosynthesis
Water is lost through stomates = transpiration
Phloem – transports glucose from leaves to other parts of plant

18. Root System Functions: Types: Support and anchor plant
Absorb water and minerals from soil
Store glucose in the form of starch
Types:
Fibrous root
Tap root