1. 10.4 – NOTES Beyond Alkanes

2. C.3 Beyond Alkanes
Saturated hydrocarbons
Each carbon atom forms as many single covalent bonds as it can
All alkanes are saturated molecules
Points of unsaturation
Double bonds have 1 point(s) of unsaturation
Triple bonds have 2 point(s) of unsaturation
Rings have 1 point(s) of unsaturation

4. Alkenes Hydrocarbon with at least 1 double bond
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
More chemically reactive than alkanes because they are able to break the double bond to bond with other atoms
General formula- CnH2n

5. Naming 1. count the number of carbons to determine prefix
2. add the suffix – ene
3. determine the location of the double bond (must be lowest number)
*Ethene and propene will not require a number as the double bond will be on the first carbon.
4. examples:

6. Substituted alkenes
They contain one or more other atoms besides C and H
O, N, Cl, S
Changes reactivity
Two different substituted alkenes may share molecular formulas, but the arrangement/structural formula of the molecule may be very different

7. Lab involving alkenes and basic substituted alkenes Alkynes
C.4 The Builders
Lab involving alkenes and basic substituted alkenes
Alkynes
Hydrocarbon with a triple bond
General formula- CnH2n-2

8. Naming
1. count the number of carbons to determine prefix
2. add the suffix –yne
3. determine the location of the triple bond (must be lowest number)
*ethyne and propyne will not require a number as the triple bond will be on the first carbon.
4. examples:

10. Dimer
Structure made from 2 monomers
Formed by breaking a double bond

11. C.5 More Builder Molecules
Some carbons are joined in rings, rather than in straight lines
Cycloalkanes
Saturated hydrocarbons made of singly bonded carbons in a ring form
General formula- CnH2n

12. Naming 1. determine the number of carbons and corresponding prefix
2. place cyclo- in front
3. add suffix –ane
4. examples:

13. Aromatic compounds
Aromatics involve double bonds within the ring
Behave like they DON”T have double bonds- not reactive like noncyclical double bonded compounds
Discovered that the double bond is shared among all carbons equally.
Shown with a circle in the center representing the double bonding
Very different from cycloalkanes
The most common aromatic compound is benzene, C6H6
Structure (next slide)   
Uses: perfumes, dyes