1. Chapter 3
Parts of Speech

2. Verb A word used to express action or a state of being
Three types: helping or main, action or linking, and transitive or intransitive

3. Helping verbs & main verbs
A helping verb helps the main verb express action or a state of being
The main verb and the helping verb make up the verb phrase

4. Helping verb (auxiliary verb) list
be (am, are, is, was, were, being),
can,
could,
do (did, does, doing),
have (had, has, having),
may

5. Continued
might
must
shall
should
will
would

6. Action verbs Verbs that express physical or mental activity
Physical activity: Laugh, paint, leap, sneeze, play
Mental activity: understand, wish, trust, realize, dream

7. Linking verbs
Linking verbs connect the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject
Forms of “Be”
Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Other linking verbs: appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

8. Continued…
Most linking verbs (excluding the forms of “Be” and seem) can also be used as action verbs
Linking: the soup tasted good.
Action: I tasted the soup.

9. Transitive and intransitive verbs

10. Transitive verbs
Transitive verbs – a verb that expresses an action directed toward a person, place, or thing
Examples:
John Threw the ball.
Sam brought popcorn.

11. Intransitive verbs
Intransitive verbs express action or tells something about the subject without action passing to a receiver or object…
Examples:
James swam well.
Dave sang beautifully in the choir.

12. ADverbs
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb

13. Adverbs make the meaning of a verb, adverb, or adjective more definite
Adverbs tell where, when, how, to what extent, how much, or how long

14. Adverbs modifying verbs
Adverbs may come before or after the verbs they modify
Adverbs may come between the parts of verb phrases
Adverbs are sometimes used to ask questions

15. Adverb or adjective
Many adverbs are created by adding “ly” to adjectives
Examples:
Bright – brightly
Soft – softly

16. Prepositions
The preposition is a word that indicates location: Location in the physical world, also location in time
Examples of Location:
The dog is in the basket.
The dog is beside the fireplace.
Example of time:
At midnight, I like to have a snack.

17. Prepositional phrases
The prepositional phrase consists of the preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object.
Prepositions introduce prepositional phrases
Preposition + optional modifiers + noun, pronoun, or gerund
Examples:
At school (at = preposition, school = noun)
Under the stove (under = preposition, the = modifier, stove = noun)
By chewing (By = preposition, chewing = gerund)

18. The conjunction
A conjunction is a word used to join words or groups of words
There are three types of conjunctions
Coordinating, correlative, and subordinating

19. Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are used to join words, phrases, or independent clauses
Fanboys – for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
(;) a semicolon can also be used as a coordinating conjunction

20. Correlative conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions come in pairs and join words or word groups that are used in the same way
Examples: both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, whether…or
Both mark and sue enjoy eating sushi.
Neither dave nor jane enjoy eating sushi.

21. Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are used to show a relationship between an independent clause & a dependent clause.
Examples:
after, although, as, because, before, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether, and while

22. interjections A word used to express emotion
Hey! Watch out for that step!
Hooray! We won the game!