1. 5 kingdoms

2. Starter Recap Give definitions for these key words Taxonomy
The study of the principles behind classification
Classification
The process of organising of living organisms into groups.
Natural classification – grouping according to how closely organisms are related and reflects evolutionary relationships
Phylogeny
The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

3. Learning Objectives Success criteria
Define characteristics of the organisms in the 5 kingdoms
Success criteria
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of:
(i) the features used to classify organisms into the five kingdoms: Prokaryotae, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
To include the use of similarities in observable features in original classification.
(ii) the evidence that has led to new classification systems, such as the three domains of life, which clarifies relationships
To include the more recent use of similarities in biological molecules and other genetic evidence AND details of the three domains and a comparison of the kingdom and domain classification systems.

4. 5 kingdoms Proposed by Robert Whittaker
PROKARYOTES
5 kingdoms
Proposed by Robert Whittaker
Outline the key features of the 5 kingdoms, give some examples
(Use the PDF in the folder as template)

5. Prokaryotae Bacteria Unicellular (<5mm)
No membrane bound organelles e.g. nucleus, mitochondria
No visible feeding mechanism

6. Fungi Eukaryote Unicellular/multicellular
Nucleus and membrane bound organelles (no chloroplasts)
Chitin (polysaccharide) cell walls
Mycelium and hyphae
No mechanism for locomotion
Saprophytic (they cause decay of organic matter)
Store food as glycogen

7. Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular
Nucleus and membrane bound organelles including chloroplasts
Cell walls made of cellulose
Most don’t move
Autotrophs (makes it’s own food by photosynthesis)
Store food as starch

8. Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular
Nucleus and membrane bound organelles (no cell walls or chloroplasts)
Moves with the aid of flagella, cilia or contractile proteins
Heterotrophs - get energy originally from plants
Food stored as glycogen

9. Protoctista Eukaryotic Mainly unicellular
Nucleus and membrane bound organelles (some have chloroplasts)
Some are sessile but others move by cilia, flagella or amoeboid mevement
Autotrophic and heterotrophic

10. Past Paper Question

11. Answers

12. Evolution of classification systems
Carl Linnaeus started it all off 250 years ago using visible features of organisms - limited
C17th microscopes allowed us to look at cells, later electron microscopes allowed us to look inside cells
Physiology
How living organisms work
Biochemistry
Comparison of biological molecules eg. Cytochrome c (protein used in respiration: almost all species have it, but it is not identical in all, the more similar the amino acid sequence the more closely related the organisms)
DNA
Comparison of DNA sequences – probably most accurate

13. Kingdom vs Domain
In 1990 Carl Woese suggested 3 Domain classification system based on fundamental differences in ribosomal RNA (rRNA), cell membrane lipid structure and sensitivity to antibiotics
He divided the prokaryotes into
Bacteria (Eubacteria)
Archaea (Archaebacteria)
This is now widely accepted

14. Taxonomic Hierarchy: Domain

15. 3 domains – 6 kingdoms Eukarya – 80s ribosomes Archaea – 70s ribosomes
RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins
Archaea – 70s ribosomes
RNA polymerase 8-10 proteins
Known as ancient bacteria that live in extreme conditions
Bacteria – 70s ribosomes
RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins
Known as true bacteria found in all environments

16. Task – exam question
Describe how and why classification systems have changed? (6 marks)
Living organisms classified into 2 kingdoms based on major differences in characteristics
Example given animals ate and moved, plants didn’t
Microscopes allowed smaller details to be observed
Organisms divided into 5 kingdoms
Plants, animals, fungi, protoctista, prokaryotes
Advances in science allowed DNA and proteins to be studies
Provided evidence for evolutionary relationships
3 domain system proposed
Relevant scientists mentioned (Linnaeus, Whittaker, Woese)

17. Flipped learning task for next lesson
This is a remarkable educational resource and will help you to appreciate the importance of Darwin’s ‘tree of life’ in helping to make sense of the origin of animal life on Earth.
Watch the opening video by David Attenborough and become familiar with the interactive video.
The next lesson we will be in the computer suite