1. Life – Design, Complexity, Information
Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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2. Life: Design, Complexity, Information
Chance, Necessity (Law) or Design?
Characteristics of Life:
Design
Complexity (Irreducible and Specified)
Information
Examples of Complexity
Mathematical Probability
Life From Non-life By Chance?
In Conclusion
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3. 1. Chance, Necessity (Law) or Design?
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4. Chance, Necessity or Design?
Scratches on cave wall
Human genome 3B Base Pairs 20T Cells
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5. The Evolutionists’ Response?
“Even if all the data point to an intelligent designer, such a hypothesis is excluded from science because it is not naturalistic.”
S.C. Todd, Kansas State University Professor
“Biology is the study of complicated things that have the appearance of having been designed for a purpose.”
Richard Dawkins, Oxford Univ. Atheist Biologist
“Biologists must constantly keep in mind that what they see was not designed, but rather evolved.”
Francis Crick, Co-discoverer of DNA
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6. The Meaning of Evolution
Artificial Selection
Plant and animal breeding
Change
Evolution of a coastline (random)
Evolution of a car (designed)
Micro-Evolution
Small variation within prescribed limits of complexity
e.g., finch beaks by mutation and natural selection
Macro-Evolution
Particles -> people
Molecular Evolution
Origin of life – assumes a mutating replicator
Only 1, 2 and 3
have been observed
4 never observed!
5 is impossible!
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7. 2. Characteristics of Life Design, Complexity, Information
Specified complexity and irreducible complexity are reliable indications of design
Biological systems exhibit specified complexity and use irreducibly complex subsystems
Naturalistic mechanisms or undirected causes do not suffice to explain origin of complexity
Intelligent Design constitutes the best explanation for the origin of specified complexity and irreducible complexity in biological systems
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8. 2a. Evidence for Design
Cosmology: evidence suggests the universe--including all matter, space, time, and energy--came suddenly into existence a finite time ago, contradicting the picture of an eternal and self-existing material cosmos
Physics: evidence has shown that the universe is "finely-tuned" for the existence of life, suggesting the work, as Astrophysicist Fred Hoyle puts it, "of a super-intellect”
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9. More Evidence for Design
Biology: the presence of complex and functionally integrated machines has cast doubt on Darwinian mechanisms of self-assembly
Molecular biology: the presence of information encoded along the DNA molecule has suggested the activity of a prior designing intelligence
Harvard biologist Richard Lewontin urges scientists to embrace a "materialism [that] is absolute" and to stick with "material explanations, no matter how counter intuitive."
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10. 2b1. Irreducible Complexity
Mike Behe introduced the concept of irreducible complexity in his book, Darwin’s Black Box
Something is irreducibly complex if it is composed of two or more necessary parts
Remove one part and function is not just impaired but destroyed
A mousetrap is irreducibly complex
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11. The Mousetrap A mousetrap cannot be built by natural selection
A mousetrap is composed of five integral parts; the platform to which everything is attached, the hammer which does the dirty work, the spring which provides the force, the holding bar to keep the hammer in tension, and finally the catch to keep the holding bar in tenuous position.
Remove any one of these parts and the mousetrap is not just less efficient, it cease to function at all. All five parts are necessary. You can’t build a mousetrap by natural selection by adding one piece at a time because it has no function to select until all five parts are together.
A mousetrap cannot be built by natural selection
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama

12. “Irreducible Complexity” Defined
“By irreducibly complex I mean a single system composed of several well-matched, interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning
An irreducibly complex system cannot be produced directly... by slight, successive modifications of a precursor system, because any precursor to an irreducibly complex system that is missing a part is by definition nonfunctional”
Michael Behe, Darwin’s Black Box, p. 39.
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13. 2b2. Specified Complexity
The following strings of characters illustrate the concept of Specified Complexity.
Consider the following:
Complex but unspecified:
“fjbn ghtur ieiod ofjkgjbn mfkritj”
Complex and specified:
“The state of education in America”
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14. How To Detect Specified Complexity
Contingency: No physical constraint; all sorts of strings can appear on the paper
Complexity: Improbable to obtain by pure chance
Specification: Can’t read it, but fits properties of a language, priorly known
DNA also a code…
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15. Testing for Design
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16. William Dembski’s Explanatory Filter
Start
William Dembski’s Explanatory Filter
Highly
probable?
Law
Yes No
Intermediate
probability?
Yes
Chance No
Specified/
Small probability?
Yes
Design No
Chance
From Mere Creation: Science, Faith and Intelligent Design. William A. Dembski Ed. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, P99.
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17. Is The Pattern Random Or Designed?
Probability:
=2-256
=8.6 x 10-78 =
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18. Is The Pattern Random Or Designed?
Probability:
=2-256
=8.6 x 10-78 =
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19. 2c. Information & Presuppositions
Evolution presupposition
The universe consists of only two material fundamental entities – mass and energy
Creation presupposition
There is a third entity – information
Information is encoded within the DNA/RNA of all plant and animal cells
Life = material + (nonmaterial) information
Information has these 4 parts:
Code, meaning, action, purpose
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20. Information in Biological Systems
Code: 4 letters – adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T)
Words (codons) composed of 3 letters
Meaning: each 3-letter word represents 1 of the 20 amino acids necessary for protein formation
Sequence of codons in the DNA represents sequence of amino acids in a protein
Action: proteins needed for construction, function, maintenance, reproduction of the organism and its cellular components
Purpose: reproduction of life
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21. 3. Examples of Complexity
Types of complexity:
Irreducible and Specified
Complex structures/information
Cell structure
The human eye
Molecular motors
Metamorphosis of the butterfly
Bombardier beetle
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22. Complexity of the Cell Average human body contains 75+ trillion cells
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23. Examining the Cell
How to examine the cell?
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24. The Human Eye Staggering complexity
Can’t be explained by step-by-step random mutation and selection
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25. Functions of The Human Eye
Automatic aiming, focusing, aperture adjustment
Functions from almost complete darkness to bright sunlight
Can see a fine hair
Makes about 100,000 separate motions per day
Provides us a continuous series of color stereoscopic pictures
All performed without complaint
Carries out its own maintenance while we sleep
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26. Molecular Machines
Behe showed that the cell, Darwin’s Black Box, is filled with irreducibly complex molecular machines that could not be built by natural selection
David Hume criticized Paley’s watchmaker argument because it was not an exact enough analogy
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27. Molecular Machines (cont’d)
Over 100 molecular motors are now known to exist inside the cell with very specific analogies to human designed motors.
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28. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama

29. Metamorphosis of the Butterfly
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30. Bombardier Beetle
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31. 4. Mathematical Probability
Chances of getting all heads in a row when flipping a coin?
1 head
2 heads in a row
3 heads in a row
10 heads in a row
100 heads in a row
1000 heads in a row
1 in 2
1 in 4
1 in 8
1 in 210 (1024) or 103
1 in 2100 or 1030
1 in or 10300
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32. 5. Life From Non-Life By Chance?
Creation Apologetics
5. Life From Non-Life By Chance?
What is the probability that an explosion in a junk yard would “create” a car?
What is the probability of creating a Boeing airplane from such an explosion?
What is the probability that 200 monkeys pawing away at a typewriter could “write” a Shakespearean play?
What is the probability of a protein coming into being by chance?
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama

33. Proteins and Amino Acids
Creation Apologetics
Proteins and Amino Acids
Amino acids
A few thousand types
Right- and left-handed
Proteins - the building blocks of life
Large organic molecule
Contain 100’s to a few 1000 amino acids
Specified long sequences of amino acids
Contain 20 different left-handed amino acids
Crucial protein fact
Absence, addition, or replacement of a single amino acid in the structure of a protein causes protein to be useless
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34. Probability of Forming one Protein
Creation Apologetics
Probability of Forming one Protein
Take 200 parts and line them up in a specific order
200! ways of aligning these parts = 10**375
Try a new alignment 1 billion times a second
Assuming 20 billion years of time, we have 20 * 10**18 seconds
The probability of finding the right alignment is practically zero, i.e. 1 in 10**356
Only 10**80 atoms in the whole universe
Anything less than 1 in 10**50 is regarded as zero probability
Living organisms contain many more than 200 parts
Human being contains 60+ trillion cells
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35. How Simple Can Life Be? Cell structure unknown by Darwin
Smallest bacteria
482 genes
600 types of proteins
580,000 DNA base pairs (letters)
Probability of chance formation is zero!
Human genome
3,000,000,000 base pairs
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36. Spontaneous Formation of Life?
“The likelihood of the spontaneous formation of life from inanimate matter is one to a number with 40,000 noughts after it. It is big enough to bury Darwin and the whole theory of evolution. There was no primeval soup, neither on this planet nor on any other, and if the beginnings of life were not random, they must therefore have been the product of purposeful intelligence.”
Wickramasinghe, professor of applied mathematics and astronomy, UK
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37. Probability & Life A single protein: 1 in 10240
400 amino acids
A single cell: 1 in 1040,000
Spontaneous formation of life
Atoms in the universe: 1 in 1080
Law of Probability: 1 in 1050
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38. The Origin of Life
“Research on the origin of life seems to be unique in that the conclusion has already been authoritatively accepted …. What remains to be done is to find the scenarios which describe the detailed mechanisms and processes by which this happened. One must conclude that, contrary to the established and current wisdom, a scenario describing the genesis of life on earth by chance and natural causes which can be accepted on the basis of fact and not faith has not yet been written.”
Yockey, H. P., A calculation of the probability of spontaneous biogenesis by information theory, Journal of Theoretical Biology 67: , 1977.
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39. Living Matter and Information
“It’s a shame that there are precious few hard facts when it comes to the origin of life. We have a rough idea when it began on Earth, and some interesting theories about where, but the how part has everybody stumped. Nobody knows how a mixture of lifeless chemicals spontaneously organized themselves into the first living cell.”
Paul Davies, Australian astrobiologist [Evolutionist]
“There is no known law of nature, no known process and no known sequence of events which can cause information to originate by itself in matter.”
Werner Gitt, German information scientist [Creationist]
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40. 6. In Conclusion
Life = material (mass, energy) + non-material (information)
Life requires:
Design, thus a Designer
Irreducible complexity
Specified complexity
Information, i.e. DNA
Life cannot come from non-life by chance
Proven by scientific experiments
Mathematically impossible
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41. Thank you for your attention!
Dr. Heinz Lycklama
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama