1. Responses to the rise of the west
Who was becoming imperialized in the 19th century?
Responses to the rise of the west
Compare the responses to “Western” Imperialism

2. The Challenge

3. World before WWI

4. Industrial revolution
Increased manufacturing = need for new markets
Increased manufacturing = need for raw materials
Increased manufacturing = challenge to existing manufacturing centers (Middle East, India, etc.)

5. New Western ideas Capitalism The Enlightenment Nationalism
Free enterprise
Free market
Free trade
The Enlightenment
Popular Sovereignty
Representative Government
Personal Freedoms
Nationalism

6. Imperialism

7. The event

8. Ottoman: Napoleon invades Egypt

9. Russia: Crimean war

10. China: Opium war

11. China: The Opium War
Lin Zexu destroying opium. In the summer of 1839, Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed 2.6 million pounds of opium. It took 500 laborers 22 days to destroy all of the opium.

12. China: Opium war

13. Japan: Arrival of Matthew Perry

15. Mexico: several issues

16. Sepoy Mutiny
1857 gossip spread amongst Sepoys (Indian soldiers for the British)
the seals of their ammunition had to be bitten off
they believed the British dipped the seals of their
ammunition in beef and pork
(Hindus can not eat beef/ Muslims can not eat pork)
“ Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it in the barrel; the saliva will serve the pupose of grease for the time being.-Endfield Rifle Field manual”

17. Sepoy Mutiny
British commander was outraged when 85 Sepoys refused to accept the ammunition
The Sepoys were jailed for disobeying orders
May 10, 1857 Sepoys rebelled; marched on Delhi (Indian capital)
rebellion spread into northern and central India

18. The response: Modernization

19. Aspects of Modernization
Get rid of old institutions holding you back
Modernize the military
Improve infrastructure
RAILROADS!
May need foreign investment
Industrialize
Take advantage of natural resources!
“Westernize” your government

20. Ottoman: Tanzimat Reforms
Early reforms of Selim III ( ) resisted by Janissaries
Janissaries slaughtered by Mahmud II in 1826
Tanzimat Reforms
Modernize military and bureaucracy
University education focusing on math & science
Western technology (telegraphs, railroads, etc.)
Constitution of 1876
Industrialization slowed by climate, government monopolies, etc.

21. Egypt: Industrialization
Reforms of Muhammad Ali
Modernize the military
Manufactured weapons
Emphasize cotton production
Financed by Britain bankers
Built railroads
Successors
Suez Canal
Led to British making Egypt a protectorate

22. Russia: Industrialization
Emancipation of serfs
Helped create urban labor force
Modernize military
Trans-Siberian railroad
Count Witte ( )
Promoted industry & banking
Encouraged foreign investment
Heavy Industry
4th in steel; 2nd in oil

23. China: Self-Strengthening movement
Modernized the military
Depended upon British and French investment
Built railroads
Mining and Textiles
Government regulated
Merchants given additional freedoms
No major political or social reforms

24. Japan: Meiji Restoration
Abolish feudal order
Daimyo and samurai class abolished
Constitutional government
Constitution of 1889
Established constitutional monarchy with legislature
Suffrage limited—only 5% could vote in 1890

25. Japan: Industrialization
Japanese industrialization
Modernize the military, infrastructure, communication, education, etc.
Zaibatsu
Combination of state initiative and private investment
Consolidates economic power into the hands of a few powerful families
Vertical monopolies
Mitsubishi and Mitsui
Many companies started by men of samurai origins

26. Sikhs
Mughals did not allow religious freedom
Sikhs replaced Sepoys in Britain’s Indian army after the Sepoy Mutiny
Great Britain allowed some religious freedom in India

27. Turning Point
1858 British government took direct control over India (because of the Mutiny)
Raj (time period when
India was under Great
Britain’s control: )

28. Indian National Congress 1885
Made up of Hindus; called for self-government
upset that Britain segregated Bengal (Indian city) into Muslim section and Hindu section in 1905
INC led acts of violence against British in Bengal
1911 Britain changed the order of segregation

29. Japanese Economic Growth

30. Mexico: la Reforma Started by Benito Juarez (1858-1872)
Tried to limit power of landowners and Catholic church
New liberal constitution
Attempts at land reform fail
50% of rural population landless by 1910
Larger gap between creoles and mestizos/natives

31. Mexico: Industrialization
Porfirio Diaz ( )
Built railroads
Integrates regional economy
Improved banking system
Focused on oil & mining
Depended on foreign investment
U.S. investment
30 million pesos in 1885
1 billion pesos in 1910

32. Additional Reactions to Challenges & Responses

33. Ottoman & Egyptian Reactions
Conservatives
Janissaries
Abdul Hamid
Ulama and Qadis
Nationalists
Young Turks
Religious Movements
Madhist Revolt
Millenarianism

34. Russian Reactions Conservatives Liberals Radicals Kulaks (land owners)
Certain tsars
Liberals
Intelligentsia
Radicals
Anarchists
Socialists & Communists
Bolshevik Party

35. Chinese Reactions Conservatives Religious Movements Scholar-gentry
Dowager Empress Cixi
Religious Movements
Taiping Rebellion ( )
Caused by a myriad of problems
Natural disasters, economic collapse, government corruption and the defeat in the Opium War, growing Anti-Manchu sentiment, etc.
Led by Hong Xiuquan

36. Taiping Rebellion
Hong Xiuquan’s army was able to seize 44 Chinese cities including the Southern capital of Nanjing ( above)

37. Chinese Reactions Nationalism Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901)
Anti-Imperialist movement
Backed by Qing government
Put down by Western powers
Nationalist Party
Led by Sun Yatsen
Modeled after Western ideas
Liberal government
Nation-state
Social Reforms

38. Mexico Conservatives Radicals European intervention Catholic Church
Maximilian von Hapsburg
Catholic Church
Threaten to excommunicate anyone who follows La Reforma
Landowners
Radicals
Middle class called for electoral reform
Poor (mostly natives) form general uprising