1. Growth and Development1

2. Growth and Development2

3. Growth Development An irreversible increase in size of an organism
a biological unfolding of events involving an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level in its life history

4. Lesson Objective:
Define growth
3 phases of individual growth
GROWTH
Growth is the permanent and irreversible increase in the parameter quantity ( biomass, length, width, height, mass, surface area, volume and size over a specific time )
Three phases of individual growth:
i. Cell division
ii. Cell enlargement
iii. Cell differentiation
CHAPTER : GROWTH 4

5. i. Cells division or mitosis - the basis of growth
Lesson Objective:
Define growth
3 phases of individual growth
i. Cells division or mitosis
- the basis of growth
- by increasing the number of cells
ii. Cell enlargement
Plants - cells grow by adding organic material to their cytoplasm, or
- addition of water, into the large central vacuole, accounts
for 90% of plant cell’s expansion
Animals - cells grow by synthesizing a protein- rich cytoplasm,
a metabolically expensive process
CHAPTER : GROWTH 5

6. iii. Cell differentiation
Lesson Objective:
Define growth
3 phases of individual growth
iii. Cell differentiation
The process of specialization of cells with the same set of genetic information to produce a diversity of cell types
Differentiation reflects the synthesis of different proteins in different types of cells.
CHAPTER : GROWTH 6

7. Lesson Objective:
Explain how growth is measured
MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH
Growth involves the increasing of protoplasm of an organism.
Growth can be estimated by measuring a particular parameter over a specific time.
Suggest some parameters and commonly used to measure growth:
CHAPTER : GROWTH 7

8. Lesson Objective:
Explain how growth is measured
MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH
Growth involves the increasing of protoplasm of an organism.
The best parameter and commonly used to measure growth are:-
Biomass ( dry or fresh )
Length
Width
Size
Height
Surface Area
Volume
Number
CHAPTER : GROWTH 8

9. Estimate length / height Periodic linear measurement
Lesson Objective:
Explain how growth is measured
Estimate length / height
Periodic linear measurement
Eg: Measuring height for human being – the best way to measure the growth of an individual
Do you think height is a suitable parameter to measure the growth of a plant? Why?
CHAPTER : GROWTH 9

10. Estimate length / height
Lesson Objective:
Explain how growth is measured
Estimate length / height
For plant, height is NOT a suitable parameter because height of a tree does not give much information about the growth of branches, leaves, root and the food storage structures underneath the ground.
So, the parameter chosen should be appropriate to the organism whose growth is to be measured.
CHAPTER : GROWTH 10

11. …MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH
Lesson Objective:
Explain how growth is measured
…MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH
Fresh ( wet ) mass
Method : the mass without internal water removed
Advantages :
Easy and convenient
Need not to kill the organism so its growth can be measured repeatedly
Disadvantage:
inaccurate and unbalanced measurement
fluctuation or varying water volume in the live organism ( water ~ % wet mass )
Shows greater variation due to the environment or the organism behavior
CHAPTER : GROWTH 11

12. …MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH
Lesson Objective:
Explain how growth is measured
…MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH
Dry mass
Method :
Mass of organism after removing all the water from its body ( drying process )
Kill the specimen
Dry in the oven ( ~110 °C )
Cool the sample in the dryer, repeatedly measured the weight and cool until get a constant weight – dry mass value
CHAPTER : GROWTH 12

13. …MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH
Lesson Objective:
Explain how growth is measured
…MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH
…Dry mass
Advantages :
~ Accurate measurement of the amount of organ matter present
Disadvantage:
~ Organisms are killed so growth of the same specimen cannot be repeatedly measure
~ Large samples of genetically identical organism need to be grown under similar conditions.
~ Time consuming
CHAPTER : GROWTH 13

14. / …MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH Surface area
Lesson Objective:
Explain how growth is measured
…MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH
Surface area
Surface area of a leave can be determine by draw the outline of the leave at a graph paper or square paper (1cm x 1cm) and count the square inside the leave outline
What is the surface are for the leave?
20 cm2 /
CHAPTER : GROWTH 14

15. Growth and Development
Growth patterns
a) Explain sigmoid growth curve ( organism and population )
b) Explain human growth curve
c) Explain limited growth curve ( annual plants ) and unlimited
growth curve ( perennial plants )
d) Explain isometric growth ( fish ) and allometric growth
( human organs )
e) Explain intermittent growth curve ( arthropods )

16. GROWTH
Growth pattern and
Growth rate 16

17. …Types of growth curves
Lesson Objective:
Describe absolute growth curve
Describe absolute growth rate curve
…GROWTH RATE
…Types of growth curves
1. Absolute / Actual / Sigmoid growth curve
If a growth parameter ( height or mass of an organism ) for any specimen is plotted against time, it will produce a growth curve.
After an initial relatively slow start, there is a rapid period of growth until maturity is reached, when growth slows down and stops.
it usually gives an S-shaped or sigmoid curve.
CHAPTER : GROWTH 17

18. Individual organism / large size of multi cell plants / animals
Lesson Objective:
Explain sigmoid growth curve ( organism and population )
Organism that have a sigmoid growth curve are:-
Individual organism / large size of multi cell plants / animals
Microorganism population ( yeast, bacteria )
CHAPTER : GROWTH

19. Sigmoid growth curve This type of curve can be divided into 5 phases:
Lesson Objective:
Describe absolute growth curve
Describe absolute growth rate curve
Sigmoid growth curve
This type of curve can be divided into 5 phases:
Lag phase
Logarithmic phase
Retardation phase
Stationary phase
Death phase A B C D E F
CHAPTER : GROWTH 19

20. Absolute growth curve i. Lag phase AB Very little growth
Lesson Objective:
Describe absolute growth curve
Describe absolute growth rate curve
Absolute growth curve
i. Lag phase AB
Very little growth
Cells divide and expand slowly
Organism trying to adapt to the new environment
ii. Log phase / Exponential growth phase BC
Very rapid / exponential growth
A period of no constraints on growth
Adequate nutrients and no accumulation of waste products
CHAPTER : GROWTH 20

21. Absolute growth curve iii. Retardation phase / Linear growth phase CD
Lesson Objective:
Describe absolute growth curve
Describe absolute growth rate curve
Absolute growth curve
iii. Retardation phase / Linear growth phase CD
A decelerating phase
Relatively constant growth
A period when the growth rate becomes limited by internal factor ( maturity of the organism ) & external factors reduced food supply & limited space due to competition ), or both factors
CHAPTER : GROWTH 21

22. Absolute growth curve iv. Stationary phase / Equilibrium phase DE
Lesson Objective:
Describe absolute growth curve
Describe absolute growth rate curve
Absolute growth curve
iv. Stationary phase / Equilibrium phase DE
A stable equilibrium phase
The organism or the population reach maturity
The rate of cell division = the rate of cell mortality
The size of the organism remains constant. (~max)
Nutrients and spaces decreased
Accumulation of waste product
CHAPTER : GROWTH 22

23. Absolute growth curve v. Death phase / Negative growth phase EF
Lesson Objective:
Describe absolute growth curve
Describe absolute growth rate curve
Absolute growth curve
v. Death phase / Negative growth phase EF
also known as the ageing stage
due to obstacles such as the ageing process or reduced resources ( food & space )
The growth rate falls drastically.
CHAPTER : GROWTH 23

24. Lesson Objective:
Describe absolute growth curve
Describe absolute growth rate curve
Types of growth curves
Growth curves are very similar for most organism, whether animals or plants
Three types of growth curves:-
Absolute growth curve/ Sigmoid growth curve / Actual growth curve
Absolute growth rate curve
Relative growth rate curve
CHAPTER : GROWTH 24

25. 2. Absolute growth rate curve
Lesson Objective:
Describe absolute growth curve
Describe absolute growth rate curve
2. Absolute growth rate curve
Is a measure of increase in size ( eg: height, mass ) over a series of equal time intervals.
Show amount of growth per time interval in the life history
Bell-shaped graph
The growth rate of an organism or a population increases with time until it achieves a maximum level, after which the growth rate decreases until it become zero.
CHAPTER : GROWTH 25

26. time Absolute growth rate curve Absolute growth rate curve
Lesson Objective:
Describe absolute growth curve
Describe absolute growth rate curve
Absolute growth rate curve
Absolute growth rate curve
Absolute growth rate = dx , dt
where:
dx = size increased
dt = period of time
time
CHAPTER : GROWTH 26

27. Relative growth rate curve
Lesson Objective:
Describe Relative growth rate curve
Relative growth rate
Is a measure of increase in size ( eg: height, mass ) over a series of equal time intervals relative to the amount of growth already present.
Relative growth rate curve
relative growth rate often declines as the organism mature or age
CHAPTER : GROWTH 27

28. Growth and growth rate curves
Lesson Objective:
Describe Relative growth rate curve
Growth and growth rate curves .
CHAPTER : GROWTH 28

29. GROWTH PATTERNS ISOMETRIC GROWTH
Lesson Objective:
d) Explain isometric growth ( fish )
GROWTH PATTERNS
ISOMETRIC GROWTH
Isometric ( isos = same; metron = measure )
~ the organs of organism develop at same rate as other parts of its body.
In this situation change in size of the organism is not accompanied by a change in shape of the organism.
The relative proportion of the organs and whole body ( size & shape ) remain the same.
Examples:- fish and certain insects.
CHAPTER : GROWTH

30. ISOMETRIC GROWTH CHAPTER : GROWTH Lesson Objective:
d) Explain isometric growth ( fish )
ISOMETRIC GROWTH
CHAPTER : GROWTH

31. ALLOMETRIC GROWTH Allometric ( allos =other; metron=measure )
Lesson Objective:
d) Explain allometric growth ( human organs )
ALLOMETRIC GROWTH
Allometric ( allos =other; metron=measure )
the growth of the organs of an organism occur at a rate that is different from the overall growth rate
This produce a change in size of the organism which is accompanied by a change in shape of the organism.
Eg: Mammals illustrates the relationship between growth and development.
CHAPTER : GROWTH

32. Lesson Objective:
d) Explain allometric growth ( human organs )
ALLOMETRIC GROWTH
In embryos, the brain & the head will both start growth and development together in the early phase of life, while;
The complete development of hands & feet only occurs in the later phase.
CHAPTER : GROWTH

33. ALLOMETRIC GROWTH in other animal
Lesson Objective:
d) Explain allometric growth ( human organs )
ALLOMETRIC GROWTH in other animal
CHAPTER : GROWTH

34. ALLOMETRIC GROWTH in human
Lesson Objective:
d) Explain allometric growth ( human organs )
ALLOMETRIC GROWTH in human
CHAPTER : GROWTH

35. ALLOMETRIC GROWTH in human
Lesson Objective:
d) Explain allometric growth ( human organs )
ALLOMETRIC GROWTH in human
The head grows rapidly in the first five years after birth and thereafter it does not grow.
The lymphoid tissues grows rapidly from birth to early adolescence, and decrease to half its maximum after that.
The reproductive organs grow little in early life but rapidly at puberty.
CHAPTER : GROWTH

36. The overall Human Growth curve
Lesson Objective:
b) Explain human growth curve
The overall Human Growth curve
Try to make some generalizations about the human overall growth curve
CHAPTER : GROWTH

37. The overall Human Growth curve
Appears to consist of 2 sigmoid growth curves.
With 2 main rapid growth phases, the infant phase & the adolescent phase.
At adult phase growth rate is zero: males – 18 years old, while female – 16 years old
children are growing faster at birth than at any time during post-natal life (they grow fastest before birth)
A slower growth phase at childhood
CHAPTER : GROWTH 37

38. Difference in growth between boys and girls
Lesson Objective:
b) Explain human growth curve
Difference in growth between boys and girls
Start of Puberty :
Girls begin puberty on average two years earlier than boys; hence from about 11 to 14.
At adolescence :
the girls' adolescent growth spurt die away earlier.
The boys' spurt begins later but is more marked than the girls'
CHAPTER : GROWTH 38

39. Growth curve and and growth rate curves of boys and girls

40. Difference in growth between boys and girls
Lesson Objective:
b) Explain human growth curve
Difference in growth between boys and girls
Start of Puberty :
Girls begin puberty on average two years earlier than boys; hence from about 11 to 14.
Consequence:
Girls are likely to be taller and heavier than boys, and probably stronger too!
girls have acquired the beginning of their sexual characteristics while most boys are still entirely pre-pubescent.
At adolescence :
the girls' adolescent growth spurt die away earlier.
The boys' spurt begins later but is more marked than the girls'
Consequence:
Boys become taller and stronger than girls and is accompanied by a great increase in muscular strength, which does not occur in girls.
CHAPTER : GROWTH

41. GROWTH PATTERNS LIMITED GROWTH
Lesson Objective:
c) Explain limited growth curve ( annual plants )
GROWTH PATTERNS
LIMITED GROWTH
Refers to the growth of an organism for a relative short life span after a maximum growth during which the organism matures, reproduces, then ages & dies.
Eg: annual plants, plant organs, animal including human.
The exceptions are animals that live in colonies, such as Obelia & coral reef
CHAPTER : GROWTH

42. …LIMITED GROWTH Have a single sigmoid growth curve
Lesson Objective:
c) Explain limited growth curve ( annual plants )
…LIMITED GROWTH
Have a single sigmoid growth curve
For eg: the growth of organs such as fruits & seeds in annual plants.
As soon as a fruit achieves its maximum size, it does not grow anymore but falls to the ground or is dispersed by other means.
Annual plant growth curve eg: Pisum sativum ( Pea plant )

43. Lesson Objective:
c) Explain unlimited growth curve ( perennial plants )
UNLIMITED GROWTH
Refers to non-stop growth over a relatively long life span.
Consists of a series of smaller sigmoid curves.
The curve shows that there is an increase in the mass & size every season.
Eg: perennial woody plants, Obelia colonies, coral reefs, algae, fungi, most reptiles
In plants, there is no fixed rate & the growth continues until it is obstructed by parasites or natural enemies, which can destroy them.
CHAPTER : GROWTH

44. Unlimited growth curve ( perennial plants )
Lesson Objective:
c) Explain unlimited growth curve ( perennial plants )
Unlimited growth curve ( perennial plants )
CHAPTER : GROWTH

45. Metamorphosis:
the change in shape occurs very suddenly & the process of changing from 1 stage to the following stage in animals ( insects ).
The two types of metamorphosis are
i. Complete metamorphosis ( eg: butterfly )
ii. Incomplete metamorphosis ( eg: grasshopper )
CHAPTER : GROWTH

46. Complete metamorphosis

47. Incomplete metamorphosis

48. Lesson Objective:
Moulting / ecdysis in insect metamorphosis
ECDYSIS
Is a moulting process; which the old exoskeleton of arthropods is replaced with a new soft layer & later becomes harden again.
During ecdysis, the arthropod breathes in a lot of air or water to expand its body & to break its old exoskeleton.
The animal once again increases its size by breathing in more air or water before the newly formed layer of chitinous exoskeleton hardens.
The process is stimulated by environmental factors ( eg: after eating, temperature changes & photoperiod ) and it is controlled by hormones.
CHAPTER : GROWTH

49. Lesson Objective:
e) Explain intermittent growth curve ( arthropods )
Intermittent growth
It is a discontinuous growth occurs in insects & other arthropods metamorphosis.
Growth is limited by the hard exoskeleton during certain periods until the ecdysis / moulting process takes place.
Then, growth occurs very suddenly at a rapid pace.
Produces a step-like growth curve.
Each stage in between ecdysis is known as instar.
CHAPTER : GROWTH

50. 5th instar 4th instar 3rd instar Ecdysis 2nd instar
Intermittent growth in Monarch Butterfly caterpillar
Length ( cm )
5th instar
Mass / mg
4th instar
3rd instar
Ecdysis
2nd instar
1st instar
Time ( days )
CHAPTER : GROWTH

51. Pupa – a stage of internal reorganization

52. Monarch Butterfly emerging from pupa

53. Monarch Butterfly adult / imago

54. GROWTH
Growth under extreme condition 54

55. GROWTH UNDER EXTREME CONDITION
Lesson Objective:
Explain with examples:
i. Seed dormancy ( legumes )
GROWTH UNDER EXTREME CONDITION
DORMANCY
A period in the life cycle of many animals & plants when their metabolic activities become minimum & growth stop.
Is a resting stage
It can occur in the adult, egg, pupa, spore or seed stage.
A way of protecting an organism against unfavourable conditions such as insufficient food, cold ( winter ) & dry ( drought ).
It is controlled by hormones that
~ response to physiological in plants & animals
~ affecting the behaviour in animals
CHAPTER : GROWTH 55

56. …GROWTH UNDER EXTREME CONDITION
Lesson Objective:
Explain with examples:
i. Seed dormancy ( legumes )
…GROWTH UNDER EXTREME CONDITION
Plants: SEED DORMANCY
It is a phenomenon in certain seeds in which they would not germinate if given an optimal condition ( water, oxygen, optimum temperature ).
Dormancy can be seen in seeds ( eg: legumes ), buds, spore & food storage organs ( tubers ).
Due to many factors include:
Lack of oxygen
Dryness
Presence of substances that inhibit germination
CHAPTER : GROWTH 56

57. …Plants: SEED DORMANCY
Lesson Objective:
Explain with examples:
i. Seed dormancy ( legumes )
…GROWTH UNDER EXTREME CONDITION
…Plants: SEED DORMANCY
Some seeds will not germinate
~They must undergo certain internal changes.
These internal changes ensure that premature germination does not occur.
Special mechanism need to ensure germination does not occur before time:-
~ involve the testa or outer coat - impervious to water.
~ also the presence of inhibitor ( ABA ).
CHAPTER : GROWTH 57

58. SEED Germination
Germination commences when the dry seed, shed from its parent plant, takes up water (imbibition), and is completed when the embryonic root emerges
CHAPTER : GROWTH 58

59. Dormancy of these seeds may be broken by one or more of the following:
SEED Germination
Dormancy of these seeds may be broken by one or more of the following:
light, sunlight being the most effective;
low temperatures (1 to 5 degrees Celsius [33.8 to 41 degrees Fahrenheit]) for several weeks;
day/night fluctuating temperatures of 1 to 10 degrees Celsius (41 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit);
chemicals, such as nitrate in the soil, or applied hormones (gibberellins) in the laboratory; and
fire.
CHAPTER : GROWTH 59

60. Dormancy mechanism is related to the seeds’ natural environment
is particularly important for small, wind-dispersed weed seeds.
Seeds that require light involves a receptor protein, phytochrome
the cold winter may cause the parent plant to die, and thus remove competition for space in the spring.
Seeds that need a period of low temperature
The requirement for alternating temperatures
will prevent germination of seeds beneath dense vegetation because the latter dampens the day/night temperature fluctuations; these seeds will germinate only when there is little vegetation cover, again reducing competition with established plants.
The requirement for fire
CHAPTER : GROWTH 60

61. SEED Germination
By definition, germination commences when the dry seed, shed from its parent plant, takes up water (imbibition), and is completed when the embryonic root visibly emerges through the outer structures of the seed (usually the seed or fruit coat).
CHAPTER : GROWTH 61

62. SEED Germination
By definition, germination commences when the dry seed, shed from its parent plant, takes up water (imbibition), and is completed when the embryonic root visibly emerges through the outer structures of the seed (usually the seed or fruit coat).
CHAPTER : GROWTH 62

63. SEED Germination
By definition, germination commences when the dry seed, shed from its parent plant, takes up water (imbibition), and is completed when the embryonic root visibly emerges through the outer structures of the seed (usually the seed or fruit coat).
CHAPTER : GROWTH 63

68. SEED Germination
By definition, germination commences when the dry seed, shed from its parent plant, takes up water (imbibition), and is completed when the embryonic root visibly emerges through the outer structures of the seed (usually the seed or fruit coat).
CHAPTER : GROWTH 68