1. MATTER & THE PARTICLE MODEL
PHASES OF MATTER
MOLECULES & ATOMS
MATTER & THE PARTICLE MODEL

2. MATTER & THE PARTICLE MODEL
MATTER IS ANYTHING THAT HAS VOLUME & MASS (TAKES UP SPACE)
THE PARTICLE MODEL
MATTER IS MADE UP OF PARTICLES THAT ARE EXTREMELY SMALL
THESE PARTICLES ARE IN CONSTANT MOVEMENT
WHEN TEMPERATURE INCREASES, THE MOVEMENT OF THESE PARTICLES INCREASES
THE PARTICLES ARE HELD TOGETHER BY FORCES OF ATTRACTION

3. PHASES OF MATTER

4. PHASES OF MATTER SOLIDS
Solids are composed of particles held together by invisible links.
These ties are so strong that the particles can not move freely.
The particles can only vibrate. Their particles are held together.
Solids have a definite shape and occupy a measurable volume

5. PHASES OF MATTER LIQUIDS
The links which connect the liquid particles are lower than those linking the solid particles. The particles are slightly free and can move slowly.
Liquid will not retain their shape. It has a definite volume.
A liquid takes the shape of the container in which it is placed

6. PHASES OF MATTER
GAS
The links between the particles of gas are even lower than those linking the particles of a liquid. Particles can move much more freely than those of solids and liquids - There are large gaps between the particles
As their particles can move very freely, gas particles can circulate in all directions. No definite shape or volume
A gas spreads to fill the space of a container or a part.

7. PHASES OF MATTER SOLIDS Particles do not move freely Vibration only
LIQUID
Particles small movements
Move slowly
GAS
Particles FREE movements
Move fast

8. MOLECULES & ATOMS
AN ATOM IS THE SMALLEST PARTICLE IN MATTER. IT CANNOT BE DIVIDED BY CHEMICAL MEANS
A MOLECULE IS A GROUP OF TWO OR MORE ATOMS HELD TOGETHER BY CHEMICAL BONDS

9. MOLECULES & ATOMS

10. Periodic Table Visual representation of elements
Organized by chemical and physical properties
Current table created by Dmitri Mendeleev
Illustrates periodic trends in the elements!
Columns → GROUPS or Families
Rows → PERIODS

11. Groups in Periodic Table
Elements in same groups = have the same number of valence electrons
Valence electron → electrons found in the last orbital.
Elements with same valence electrons have similar chemical properties, since they all have the same ability to gain/lose electrons.
Similar properties = in the same family.

12. Periods in Periodic Table
Elements in same period= same number of orbitals / energy shells.
The number of orbitals also illustrate the overall size of the element.
An element in period 2 is smaller than an element in period 6, since it has only two orbitals while the latter has 6.

13. Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble Gases

14. Atomic weight = protons + neutrons
Atomic number = number of protons and electrons.

15. Groups in Periodic Table
Metals
Groups 1, 2, 3 and transition metals.
All left of staircase.
Main properties include: malleable, ductile, conduction of heat and electricity, shiny, solid form at room temperature, (except mercury), react with acids.
**Higher the period=more reactive**

16. Groups in Periodic Table
Non-Metals
Groups 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
All right of staircase.
Main properties include: not-malleable, non-ductile (fragile/breakable), poor conduction of heat and electricity, dull.
**Lower the period=more reactive**

17. Groups in Periodic Table
Metalloids
Found on the staircase: Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium.
Have characteristics of both metals and non-metals.

18. Families in Periodic Table
Alkali Metals
Found in Group 1
Extremely reactive; most reactive of all families, elemental form must be emerged in oil or will react with oxygen violently.
Alkaline Earth Metals
Found in Group 2
Reactive, less so than Alkali Metals, can be exposed to oxygen.

19. Families in Periodic Table
Halogens
Found in Group 7.
Form salts when react with metals.
Noble or Inert Gases
Found in Group 8.
Are all in Gas form.
Never found in a compound; orbitals are full and are stable.

20. Bohr Model vs. Lewis Dot Diagrams
Bohr models contain the following information:
Number of protons (**and neutrons**), number of total electrons, valence electrons, orbitals.
Lewis D.D only contain valence electrons
Note, it is not necessary to write # of neutrons

22. BOHR-RUTHERFORD MODEL

23. MOLECULES & ATOMS A molecule of GLUCOSE (sugar) 𝐶 6 𝐻 12 𝑂 6
A molecule of WATER 𝐻 2 𝑂
A molecule of SALT 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙