1. Chapter 9
Carbon Chemistry

2. Organic Chemistry Carbon Chemistry = ORGANIC Chemistry
Organic molecules:
Made of carbon and hydrogen
90% of all compounds
Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
Single bonds
Double bonds
Triple bonds

3. Forms of carbon:
Diamond
Graphite
Fullerenes

4. Saturated Hydrocarbons
Contain only CARBON and HYDROGEN
ONLY single bonds
Called an alkane
(all names end in -ane)

5. Saturated Hydrocarbons
Come in 3 basic forms:
Straight chains
Methane(CH4)
Propane(C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)
Octane (C8H18)

6. Saturated Hydrocarbons
Branched chains:
Butane (C4H10) vs. Isobutane (C4H10)
Form isomers
Same formula, different arrangement

7. Saturated Hydrocarbons
Rings:
Carbons can link to form rings
4 is possible (cyclobutane)
5-6 is common (cyclohexane)

8. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Contains one (or more) double or triple bonds
Come in 3 basic forms:
Alkenes
Compound names end in “ene”
Ex: ethene (C2H4)
Alkynes
Compound names end in “yne”
Ex. Ethyne (C2H2)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Form rings
Strong odors

9. Fossil Fuels All hydrocarbons
Formed from dead organisms (plants and animals)
Different types formed by different geological conditions and base material

10. Coal Remains of ancient swamps
Time, pressure, temperature formed aromatic compounds (with a few impurities)
Used for electricity
Burning produces more soot

11. Natural Gas Formed from the remains of marine creatures
Burns cleaner than coal
Used for heating, cooking, electricity

12. Petroleum Also from remains of marine creatures
Complex mixture of hydrocarbons
Long branched alkanes and alkenes
Must be separated into simpler mixtures
Separated by FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

13. Combustion of fossil fuels
Complete combustion:
C3H O CO H2O
Adds carbon dioxide to atmosphere
Greenhouse gas
Increasing temperatures globally
Don’t forget about impurities!
Nitrogen oxides/sulfur oxides
Cause acid rain (pH = 2.7)

14. Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels
C3H8 + O CO + H2O
Forms carbon monoxide
Blocks the transport of oxygen in the blood
Can lead to death
Causes respiratory problems

15. Polymers
Formed from monomers linked together
Long chain molecules

16. or synthetic (man-made)
Polymers
Can be natural
Silk
Cotton
or synthetic (man-made)
Fleece
plastics

17. Synthetic Polymers Rubber Synthetic adhesives Nylon Polyethylene
Milk bottles
Plastic wrap

18. Natural Polymers Starches Proteins Nucleic Acids Cellulose
Carbohydrates
Formed from chains of glucose (monomer)
Proteins
made of more than 100 amino acids
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
Cellulose