1. Q.Q. 10/31/18 Organic Chemistry is currently defined as
The study of compounds made only by living cells
The study of carbon compounds
The study of vital forces
The study of natural compounds (as opposed to synthetic or man-made)
The study of hydrocarbons

2. Q.Q. 10/31/18 Organic Chemistry is currently defined as
The study of compounds made only by living cells
The study of carbon compounds
The study of vital forces
The study of natural compounds (as opposed to synthetic or man-made)
The study of hydrocarbons

3. Why Carbon??
Has 4 valence e- and commonly covalently bonds to C, H, O, N
Organic compounds have C and H

5. Chapter 4 Objectives

6. Molecular Model Building WITH CANDY!Br F Cl
Toothpicks = covalent bonds

7. Now try these…. *building and drawings!
CHEMICAL SHAPE IS CRUCIAL TO FUNCTION IN LIVING ORGANISMS!

8. Q.Q. 11/5/18 Name the 3 types of isomers.
What is a pharmacological effect of chemical isomers?

9. Isomers
2 chemical compounds with the SAME chemical formula, but different structural formula or spatial arrangements of atoms
3 types:
Structural isomers
Geometric isomers
Enantiomers

10. Shape affects function…
L-Dopa vs. D-Dopa

11. C4H10

12. C4H8

13. Enantiomers

15. *Ch. 4 Guided notes: Carbon
Carbon is the “backbone” of all life
- Enters biological systems by plants using CO2 *through photosynthesis
*CO2 (inorganic) converted to an organic compound, glucose

16. Why Carbon??
Has 4 valence e- and commonly covalently bonds to C, H, O, N
Organic compounds have C and H

17. Carbon
Although atoms are connected in a molecule, they want to be as far away from each other as possible
Double bonds- each line is a shared pair of electrons

18. Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbons- ONLY C and H Petroleum
Not prevalent in living organisms, but there are regions on larger molecules that are composed of hydrocarbons (IE- fats)

19. Isomers
Isomers- Same number of atoms of the same element but in different structure.
3 types:
Structural isomers
Geometric isomers
Enantiomers

20. 1) Structural Isomers
Differ in covalent arrangement of their atoms; also can change location of a double bond

21. 2) Geometric Isomers
Same covalent partnerships. Double bonds prevent any rotation of the bonded carbons.
Cis- Attached atoms of the same type are on the same side of double bond
Trans- Attached atoms of the same type are on opposite sides of double bond

22. Geometric isomers
Cis
Trans

23. 3) Enantiomers
Mirror images of each other (left vs. right hand). Can have drastic differences in biological effect.

24. Functional Groups Parts of the molecule involved in chemical reactions
1) Hydroxyl- an –OH connected to a C chain (NOT the same as OH-)
Alcohols- IE- ethanol (alcoholic beverages)
Polar, dissolves organic compounds *Anything with O is reactive and dissolve in other polar substances

25. Hydroxyl

26. 2) Carbonyl- C connected to an O by a double bond (C=O)
2 types: Ketones and Aldehydes
-Ketones- IE- Acetone (group is found in the middle of a C chain)

27. Carbonyl
2) Aldehydes- IE- Propanol (end of the C chain)

28. 3) Carboxyl- The O is double bonded to C which is bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH)
- Carboxylic acids- IE- acetic acid (vinegar)
- Can lose/regain the H on the hydroxyl

29. Carboxyl

30. 4) Amino- -NH2
- Amines- IE- Glycine (amine and carboxyl = amino acid)
- Acts as a base

31. 5) Sulfhydryl- -SH
- Thiols- IE- Ethanethiol
- Can help stabilize protein shape

32. 6) Phosphate- A phosphate connected to 4 O, one of the O is connected to the C chain, and two of the O carry a negative charge.
- Organic phosphate can carry energy between organic molecules

33. Phosphate

34. Phosphate
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

35. Phosphate
When ATP is “broken” the products are ADP (adenosine diphosphate, as below), an inorganic phosphate, and energy is released.
+ ENERGY

36. HOMEWORK: Due Wed. 11/7
Complete the Last page of your notes on types of Isomers “Student work” AND the identifying Functional Groups handout.