Balancing Chemical Equations.

Balancing Chemical Equations.
Atomic Bonding, Balancing Chemical Equations. Part IV

RED SLIDE: These are notes that are very important and should be recorded in your science journal.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

-Nice neat notes that are legible and use indents when appropriate
-Nice neat notes that are legible and use indents when appropriate Example of indent. Proton Electron Neutron

-Nice neat notes that are legible and use indents when appropriate Example of indent Skip a line between topics Proton Electron Neutron

-Nice neat notes that are legible and use indents when appropriate Example of indent Skip a line between topics Make visuals clear and well drawn. Label please. Proton Electron Neutron

RED SLIDE: These are notes that are very important and should be recorded in your science journal.
BLACK SLIDE: Pay attention, follow directions, complete projects as described and answer required questions neatly. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Keep an eye out for “The-Owl” and raise your hand as soon as you see him.
He will be hiding somewhere in the slideshow Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Topics addressed in this Unit

Topics addressed in this Unit Part IV

NGSS Standards 3-5 Part III

NGSS Standards MS Part III

NGSS Standards HS Part III

Additional Standards Addressed

Balancing Chemical Equations.
Atomic Bonding, Balancing Chemical Equations. Part IV

STOP! Choice Ahead

This is really difficult learning ahead and I’m going to try my best to learn it. I’m not going to give up. A B

This is really difficult learning ahead and I’m going to try my best to learn it. I’m not going to give up. This is really difficult and I’m going to quit as soon as I don’t know it. I’m going to check out completely or create issues for those choosing A. A B

A B The choice is_______
This is really difficult learning ahead and I’m going to try my best to learn it. I’m not going to give up. This is really difficult and I’m going to quit as soon as I don’t know it. I’m going to check out completely or create issues for those choosing A. A B The choice is_______

A B The choice is_______ ours
This is really difficult learning ahead and I’m going to try my best to learn it. I’m not going to give up. This is really difficult and I’m going to quit as soon as I don’t know it. I’m going to check out completely or create issues for those choosing A. A B The choice is_______ ours

Lets work together toward choice A
This is really difficult learning ahead and I’m going to try my best to learn it. I’m not going to give up. This is really difficult and I’m going to quit as soon as I don’t know it. I’m going to check out completely or create issues for those choosing A. A B The choice is_______ ours Lets work together toward choice A

New Area of focus: Atomic Bonding

Chemical Bonding: The attraction that holds atoms close to each other.

Ionic, Covalent, Metallic

Ionic, Covalent, Metallic Covalent – Share electrons

Covalent bonding occurs by a sharing of valence electrons

Covalent bonding occurs by a sharing of valence electrons (Strongest)

Covalent bonding occurs by a sharing of valence electrons (Strongest) (SPONCH).

occurs on the next slide.
Make an electrostatic sound when the bond occurs on the next slide.

Ionic bonding (+/-) Bonds created by the attraction of opposite charges.

“Ionic Please.” “Transferred.” “Not shared.”

Ionization: The process of removing electrons from an atom to form ions.

Ionic - One atom strips electron from the other so both are now stable
Ionic - One atom strips electron from the other so both are now stable. Held then by + / - charge Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Ionic Bonding: Forms crystal lattice.

Learn more: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/5-bonds.htm

Metal bonding to a non-metal will always be an ionic bond.

Sodium Metal Chlorine Non-metal
Metal bonding to a non-metal will always be an ionic bond. Sodium Metal Chlorine Non-metal Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Sodium Metal Chlorine Non-metal Ionic Bond
Metal bonding to a non-metal will always be an ionic bond. Sodium Metal Chlorine Non-metal Ionic Bond Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Metal bonding to a non-metal will always be an ionic bond. Sodium Metal Chlorine Non-metal Opposites sides of the Periodic Table. Gives an electron +1 Gains an electron -1 Ionic Bond Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

+Opposite Charges Attract-
Metal bonding to a non-metal will always be an ionic bond. Sodium Metal Chlorine Non-metal +Opposite Charges Attract- Opposites sides of the Periodic Table. Gives an electron +1 Gains an electron -1 Ionic Bond Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Video: Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Metallic bonding: The bonding between atoms within metals
Metallic bonding: The bonding between atoms within metals. The sharing of many free electrons. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Metallic bonding: The bonding between atoms within metals
Metallic bonding: The bonding between atoms within metals. The sharing of many free electrons. Learn more: Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Activity! Generating heat by breaking metallic bonds.

Activity. Generating heat by breaking metallic bonds
Activity! Generating heat by breaking metallic bonds. Wear Safety Goggles. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Video! Ionic and Covalent Bonding.

Video Link! (Optional) Khan Academy, Atomic Bonding.

Cats. I love cats, Cats are positive.
Ion: A charged atom. When an atom strips an electron, now one atom has 1+ (cation), and the other has 1 – (anion), “+1 Cation, Animal hoarding adds Cats. I love cats, Cats are positive. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

“Hoot” “Hoot” “Did anybody see me on that charged atom.”
Ion: A charged atom. When an atom strips an electron, now one atom has 1+ (cation), and the other has 1 – (anion), “Hoot” “Hoot” “Did anybody see me on that charged atom.” Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

The closer and more tightly bound an electron is to the nucleus, the more difficult it will be to remove, and the higher its ionization energy will be.

Nightmare Protons stink! This is the worst.
I hate being in this shell.

Electrons are negative -
Nightmare Protons stink! This is the worst. I hate being in this shell.

Nightmare Protons stink! I’m so happy. This is the worst. This is so nice I hate being in this shell.

Nightmare Protons stink! I’m so happy. This is the worst. This is so nice I hate being in this shell. Protons are positive +

Protons are positive +

The atom has a neutral charge when the number is the same. Protons are positive +

The atom has a neutral charge when the number is the same. When you remove an electron Protons are positive +

The atom has a neutral charge when the number is the same. When you remove an electron the atom becomes more positive Protons are positive +

The atom has a neutral charge when the number is the same. Yay, we lost Grumpy. I feel so more positive. When you remove an electron the atom becomes more positive Protons are positive +

The atom has a neutral charge when the number is the same. Yay, we lost Grumpy. I feel so more positive. When you remove an electron the atom becomes more positive (Cation +) Protons are positive +

The atom has a neutral charge when the number is the same. When you remove an electron the atom becomes more positive (Cation +) Protons are positive +

The atom has a neutral charge when the number is the same. When you add an electron the atom becomes more negative. When you remove an electron the atom becomes more positive (Cation +) Protons are positive +

The atom has a neutral charge when the number is the same. When you add an electron the atom becomes more negative. Anion - When you remove an electron the atom becomes more positive (Cation +) Protons are positive +

The atom has a neutral charge when the number is the same. When you add an electron the atom becomes more negative. Anion - More negativity When you remove an electron the atom becomes more positive (Cation +) Protons are positive +

Which atom below is the anion, and which is the cation?

Sodium formed a cation because it lost 1 electron and became positive.

Sodium formed a cation because it lost 1 electron and became positive.
Add cats, Cats are +

Chlorine formed an anion because it gained -1 electron. More negative.
Add cats, Cats are + Anion

Which atom below formed a cation, and which formed an anion?

Which Gnome is the Cation, and which Gnome is the Anion?

Answer: This Potassium atom will want to lose this electron
Answer: This Potassium atom will want to lose this electron. It has a low electron affinity. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Is this Ionic, Covalent, or Metallic Bond? Who wants it?

Is this Ionic, Covalent, or Metallic Bond?
It is ionic because it's a bond between a metal(potassium) and a non-metal(chlorine). Potassium has one electron in its valence shell, and chlorine has seven electrons in its valence shell. Following the octet rule, the potassium gives an electron to the chlorine. Then the negatively charged chlorine ion and the positively charged potassium ion stick together because of their opposite charges. Ionic bonds give electrons, covalent bonds share electrons Do we want to know the difficult explanation beneath this box or skip it? Why? Who wants it? Is this Ionic, Covalent, or Metallic Bond? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Is this Ionic, Covalent, or Metallic Bond? Who wants it?
It is ionic because it's a bond between a metal(potassium) and a non-metal(chlorine). Potassium has one electron in its valence shell, and chlorine has seven electrons in its valence shell. Following the octet rule, the potassium gives an electron to the chlorine. Then the negatively charged chlorine ion and the positively charged potassium ion stick together because of their opposite charges. Ionic bonds give electrons, covalent bonds share electrons Who wants it? Is this Ionic, Covalent, or Metallic Bond? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Answer: This Chlorine atom will want to gain one electron rather than lose seven.

Answer: This Chlorine atom will want to gain one electron rather than lose seven.
It has a high electron affinity. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Learn more: Ionization. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-ionization.htm
Answer: This Chlorine atom will want to gain one electron rather than lose seven. It has a high electron affinity. Learn more: Ionization. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Which atom below has a high electron affinity, and which has a low electron affinity?
Fluorine Sodium High Electron Affinity Low Electron Affinity A B Fluorine Sodium Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

A B Fluorine Sodium Answers: Fluorine Sodium
High Electron Affinity Low Electron Affinity A B Fluorine Sodium Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Non-metal Metal A B Fluorine Sodium
Answers: Fluorine Sodium High Electron Affinity Low Electron Affinity A B Fluorine Sodium Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Non-metal Metal A B Ionic Bond Fluorine Sodium
Answers: Fluorine Sodium High Electron Affinity Low Electron Affinity A B Ionic Bond Fluorine Sodium Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Precipitation Reactions: Occur when cations and anions of aqueous solutions combine to form an insoluble ionic solid, called a precipitate. See Video (2 minutes) First AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) Second AgNO3(aq) + NaI(aq) → AgI(s) + NaNO3(aq) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Video Link! Precipitation Reactions Crash Course.
Advanced and Optional

ACID BASE Acids and Bases optional PowerPoint in folder. H+ H+ OH- H+
Nice reading can be found here. ACID BASE H+ H+ OH- H+ OH- H+ H+ OH- H+ OH- H+ OH- H+ Low pH, Lots of H+ Lots of OH-, High pH

Acid: a substance which when added to water produces hydrogen ions [H+].
React with zinc, magnesium, or aluminum and form hydrogen (H2(g)) React with compounds containing CO32- and form carbon dioxide and water Turn litmus red Taste sour (lemons contain citric acid, for example) Tasting Acids in the lab would be unsafe.

Acid: a substance which when added to water produces hydrogen ions [H+].
React with zinc, magnesium, or aluminum and form hydrogen (H2(g)). React with compounds containing CO32- and form carbon dioxide and water. Turn litmus red. Taste sour (lemons contain citric acid, for example). Tasting Acids in the lab would be unsafe.

Base: a substance which when added to water produces hydroxide ions [OH-].
Feel soapy or slippery Turn litmus blue They react with most cations to precipitate hydroxides Taste bitter like soap. Do not taste in the lab.

Base: a substance which when added to water produces hydroxide ions [OH-].
Feel soapy or slippery. Turn litmus blue. They react with most cations to precipitate hydroxides. Taste bitter like soap. Do not taste in the lab.

Which is an Acid and which is a Base?
Lots of OH-, High pH Low pH, Lots of H+ OH- H+ H+ OH- OH- H+ H+ OH- OH- H+ H+ H+ H+

ACID Which is an Acid and which is a Base? Lots of OH-, High pH
Low pH, Lots of H+ OH- H+ H+ OH- OH- H+ H+ OH- OH- H+ H+ H+ H+

BASE ACID Which is an Acid and which is a Base? Lots of OH-, High pH
Low pH, Lots of H+ OH- H+ H+ OH- OH- H+ H+ OH- OH- H+ H+ H+ H+

Which is not true of a base?
A.) Feel soapy or slippery. B.) Turns litmus red. C.) They react with most cations to precipitate hydroxides. D.) Taste bitter like soap. Do not taste in the lab.

Answer is… Which is not true of a base? A.) Feel soapy or slippery.
B.) Turns litmus red. C.) They react with most cations to precipitate hydroxides. D.) Taste bitter like soap. Do not taste in the lab. Answer is…

Should be… Which is not true of a base? A.) Feel soapy or slippery.
B.) Turns litmus red. C.) They react with most cations to precipitate hydroxides. D.) Taste bitter like soap. Do not taste in the lab. Should be…

Should be… Which is not true of a base? A.) Feel soapy or slippery.
B.) Turns litmus blue. C.) They react with most cations to precipitate hydroxides. D.) Taste bitter like soap. Do not taste in the lab. Should be…

Which is not true of acids?
A.) Acid: a substance which when added to water produces hydrogen ions [H+]. B.) React with zinc, magnesium, or aluminum and form hydrogen (H2(g)). C.) They react with most cations to precipitate hydroxides D.) Turn litmus red. E.) Taste sour (lemons contain citric acid, for example). Tasting Acids in the lab would be unsafe.

Answer is… Which is not true of acids?
A.) Acid: a substance which when added to water produces hydrogen ions [H+]. B.) React with zinc, magnesium, or aluminum and form hydrogen (H2(g)). C.) They react with most cations to precipitate hydroxides D.) Turn litmus red. E.) Taste sour (lemons contain citric acid, for example). Tasting Acids in the lab would be unsafe. Answer is…

Should be… Which is not true of acids?
A.) Acid: a substance which when added to water produces hydrogen ions [H+]. B.) React with zinc, magnesium, or aluminum and form hydrogen (H2(g)). C.) They react with most cations to precipitate hydroxides D.) Turn litmus red. E.) Taste sour (lemons contain citric acid, for example). Tasting Acids in the lab would be unsafe. Should be…

Should be… Which is not true of acids?
A.) Acid: a substance which when added to water produces hydrogen ions [H+]. B.) React with zinc, magnesium, or aluminum and form hydrogen (H2(g)). C.) React with compounds containing CO32- and form carbon dioxide and water D.) Turn litmus red. E.) Taste sour (lemons contain citric acid, for example). Tasting Acids in the lab would be unsafe. Should be…

Electronegativity increases from lower left to upper right.

Note: Noble gases are missing.

The most strongly electronegative element, Fluorine (F).

“I want to give away electrons.”
The most strongly electronegative element, Fluorine (F). The least electronegative element is Francium (Fr). “I want to give away electrons.” Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

The most strongly electronegative element, Fluorine (F). The least electronegative element is Francium (Fr). “I want to gain electrons” “I want to give away electrons.” “You guys should get together.” Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction of an atom for the electrons in a chemical bond.

Electrons with low ionization energies have a low electronegativity because their nuclei do not exert a strong attractive force on electrons. Elements with high ionization energies have a high electronegativity due to the strong pull exerted on electrons by the nucleus. and Ions) Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron. (Gases and Ions) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Increasing Ionization Energies
Electrons with low ionization energies have a low electronegativity because their nuclei do not exert a strong attractive force on electrons. Elements with high ionization energies have a high electronegativity due to the strong pull exerted on electrons by the nucleus. Increasing Ionization Energies and Ions) Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron. (Gases and Ions) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

A polar bond: Results in the unequal sharing of the electrons in the bond.

When two unlike atoms are covalently bonded, the shared electrons will be more strongly attracted to the atom of greater electronegativity The presence or absence of polar bonds within a molecule plays a very important part in determining chemical and physical properties of those molecules. Some of these properties are melting points, boiling points, viscosity and solubility in solvents. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Hydrogen Bond: A chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom.

Hydrogen Bond: A chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom. Especially a nitrogen, oxygen, or flourine atom of another molecule.

A B C D

A B C D Ionic

A B Covalent C D Ionic

A B Covalent C D Ionic Hydrogen Bond

A B Covalent Polar Covalent Bond C D Ionic Hydrogen Bond

The three classes of bonds

Nonpolar Covalent

Nonpolar Covalent Polar Covalent

Nonpolar Covalent Polar Covalent Ionic

Nonpolar Covalent Polar Covalent Ionic The most commonly used electronegativity scale is Pauling's. Most Periodic Tables gives the value for each element.

Nonpolar Covalent Polar Covalent Ionic The most commonly used electronegativity scale is Pauling's. Most Periodic Tables gives the value for each element. Differences 1.7 or greater, the bond is usually ionic, Differences Less than 1.7, the bond is usually covalent, Unless the difference is less than 0.5 the bond has some degree of polarity Differences of less than 0.5 are considered to be nonpolar.

Hundreds of more slides, activities, video links,
End of Preview Hundreds of more slides, activities, video links, homework package, lesson notes, review games, rubrics, and much more on the full version of this unit and larger curriculum.

Atoms and Periodic Table Unit

Atoms and Periodic Table Unit
Areas of Focus within The Atoms and Periodic Table Unit: Atoms (Atomic Force Microscopes), Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment, Cathode Tube, Atoms, Fundamental Particles, The Nucleus, Isotopes, AMU, Size of Atoms and Particles, Quarks, Recipe of the Universe, Atomic Theory, Atomic Symbols, #’;s, Valence Electrons, Octet Rule, SPONCH Atoms, Molecules, Hydrocarbons (Structure), Alcohols (Structure), Proteins (Structure), Atomic Bonds, Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds, Metallic Bonds, , Precipitation Reactions, Acids and Bases, Electron Negativity, Polar Bonds, Chemical Change, Exothermic Reactions, Endothermic Reactions, Laws Conservation of Matter, Balancing Chemical Equations, Oxidation and Reduction, Periodic Table of the Elements, Organization of Periodic Table, Transition Metals, Acids and Bases, Non-Metals, Metals, Metalloids, Ionization. Full Unit found at…

Additional Standards Addressed

“AYE” Advance Your Exploration ELA and Literacy Opportunity Worksheet
Visit some of the many provided links or.. Articles can be found at (w/ membership to NABT and NSTA) Please visit at least one of the “learn more” educational links provided in this unit and complete this worksheet

“AYE” Advance Your Exploration ELA and Literacy Opportunity Worksheet
Visit some of the many provided links or.. Articles can be found at (w/ membership to and NSTA)

This unit includes a four part 2000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap.
This PowerPoint roadmap is one small part of my Atoms and Periodic Table Unit that I offer on TpT. This unit includes a four part slide PowerPoint roadmap. 13 page bundled homework that chronologically follows slideshow 14 pages of unit notes with visuals. 3 PowerPoint review games. Activity sheets, rubrics, advice page, curriculum guide, materials list, and much more.

Individual units within the curriculum
Earth Science Units Purchase Individual Unit Link on TpT Geology Topics Unit Astronomy Topics Unit Weather and Climate Unit Soil Science, Weathering, More Water Unit Rivers Unit = Easier = More Difficult = Most Difficult (5th – 7th grade) (6th – 8th grade) (8th – 10th grade)

Physical Science Units Purchase Individual Unit Link on TpT
Science Skills Unit Motion and Machines Unit Matter, Energy, Envs. Unit Atoms and Periodic Table Unit Life Science Units Purchase Individual Unit Link on TpT Human Body / Health Topics DNA and Genetics Unit Cell Biology Unit Infectious Diseases Unit Taxonomy and Classification Unit Evolution / Natural Selection Unit Botany Topics Unit Ecology Feeding Levels Unit Ecology Interactions Unit Ecology Abiotic Factors Unit

http://www. teacherspayteachers

Thank you for your time and interest in this curriculum tour
Thank you for your time and interest in this curriculum tour. Please visit the welcome / guide on how a unit works and link to the many unit previews to see the PowerPoint slideshows, bundled homework, review games, unit notes, and much more. Thank you for your interest and please feel free to contact me with any questions you may have. Best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed

Balancing Chemical Equations.

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