1. Chromosome/Genetic Disorders

2. Finding Disorders Before Birth
After 3 months pregnancy can examine fetus (developing human):
Ultrasound—high-frequency sound waves are reflected off the fetus; info translated into a picture

4. Fetoscopy—slender tube with light inserted into womb to take a look at the baby; gets blood/cell samples

6. Amniocentesis—fluid removed from surrounding fetus by needle inserted through abdomen

8. Chronic villus sampling—(CVS); tissue surrounding fetus is examined; surgery

9. AFP—alfa-fetoprotein—blood test; protein made by fetus; level taken at 15 weeks if low may indicate Down syndrome; or affected by diabetes, race or obesity

10. Genetic Type of Mutations:
 Non-disjunction—in normal meiosis homologous chromosomes separate; second division divide again, problems with second division may not disjoin

11. Extra chromosome—trisomy
Lacks one chromosome—monosomy

12. Monosomy is more harmful because lacking info
Usually sterile

13. Polyploidy—nucleus does not undergo second meiotic division extra set of chromosomes 3N or 4N
--seen in plants; mostly lethal in animals

14. Kleinfelter’s syndrome (or Klinefleter’s)
Disorder occurring due to nondisjunction of the X chromosome.
The Sperm containing both X and Y combines with an egg containing the X, results in a male child.
The egg may contribute the extra X chromosome.

15. XXY
Males with some development of breast tissue normally seen in females.
Little body hair is present, and such person are typically tall, have small testes.
Infertility results from absent sperm.
Evidence of mental retardation may or may not be present.

16. Down’s Syndrome Caused by non- disjunction of the 21st chromosome.
This means that the individual has a trisomy (3 – 2lst chromosomes).

17. Down’s Syndrome or Trisomy 21

19. AUTOSOMAL Disorders
Occur on chromosomes other than the 23rd set.

20. Huntington’s Disease
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited, degenerative brain disorder which results in an eventual loss of both mental and physical control. The disease is also known as Huntington's chorea. Chorea means "dance-like movements" and refers to the uncontrolled motions often associated with the disease.