1. Physiology
Da-Nian Zhu

2. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 § 1. Physiology & its research field
 Definition of physiology
 The task of physiological research
* How
* Why
* Influence of environment
* Adaptation and regulation

3.  Relationship between medicine & physiology
* Physiology is one of basic medical sciences
 Three levels of physiological research
* Cellular & molecular level
* Organic & systemic level
* Integrative level
 Methods of physiological research
* Acute and chronic animal experiment
* in vitro & in vivo experiment
* molecular biological experiment

4. § 2. Internal environment of the body
 Body fluid (60% of body weight)
* Intracellular fluid (40%)
* Extracellular fluid (20%)
Plasma (5%)
Interstitial fluid (15%)
Lymph (<1%)
Cerebrospinal fluid (<1%)
Aqueous humor (<1%)
etc.

5. Distribution & transfusion of body fluid

6.  Concept of internal environment (’1870)
By Claude Bernard ( )
milieu interne [`mi:lj: `int:n] [French]
 Concept of homeostasis (’1920)
By W. B. Cannon ( )
 Importance of maintaining the homeostasis
* Enough nutritional substances & O2
* Low level of metabolic products & CO2
* Water, electrolyte, acid-base balance
* Temperature, osmotic pressure, etc.
 Homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium
 Regulation of homeostasis
* Involve all systems, especially the lung & kidney

7. § 3. Regulation of physiological function
 Nervous regulation
* Definition & the characteristics
* Reflex & reflex arc
 Humoral regulation
* Hormone & its secretory forms
Telecrine, paracrine, neurosecretion, etc.
 Autoregulation

8. Reflex & reflex arc

9. § 4. Automatic control system in the body
 Non-automatic control system
Open loop system
 Feedback control system
* Closed loop system, Automatic control
* Negative feedback system
* Positive feedback system
 Feed-forward control system
More quickly, less oscillated & foresighted

10. Feed-forward signals
Receptor
Center
Effector
Feedback signals