1. Cellular Energy Cellular processes require a constant supply of energy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most common energy supply
ATP has 3 main parts:
Nitrogen containing base
A sugar (ribose)
3 Phosphate groups
ATP’s energy is held within the bonds; cells break the bonds to release the energy
ATP is created when cells break down glucose

2. Active Transport Types of Active Transport: Cell Membrane Pumps
Movement of molecules using cellular energy (ATP)
Movement goes from [Low]  [High]
Against the concentration gradient
Types of Active Transport:
Cell Membrane Pumps
Uses carrier proteins
Sodium-Potassium Pump:
1. Na+ attaches to carrier protein; ATP binds to CP
2. CP shape changes
3. Na+ released; K+ attaches from other side
4. CP changes shape, releasing K+ on opposite side

3. Active Transport Endocytosis:
Cell ingests outside fluid and large particles
Starch, protein, other cells
Pockets of the cell membrane form around the particles to make vesicles
2 Types:
Pinocytosis – ingest fluid or small particles
Phagocytosis – ingest large particles or cells

4. Active Transport Endocytosis:
- Phagocytosis of white blood cell and bacterium:

5. Active Transport Exocytosis:
Cells remove or expel large particles or wastes
Cells often make materials needing to be exported to other cells
Ex: Neurotransmitters