1. Jefferson, Madison, and the War of 1812
America at 1800
Jefferson, Madison, and the War of 1812

2. By 1796, two clearly defined and conflicting political philosophies emerged in the United States: the Federalists, under the influence of Alexander Hamilton and the Republicans, under the guidance of Thomas Jefferson. Which philosophy best represents the ideals for which the American Revolution was fought?

3. Quiz: Jefferson
How are Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans different from Hamiltonian Federalists? Vision of society and View of Constitution
Explain how the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions are a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

5. Quiz: Jefferson's Presidency
America at Massive Growth- in what areas?
Revolution of Federalists lose
Republican Values
Reduction of the Federal Government and Federal Debt
“Less is more”
The Supreme Court under John Marshall
Marbury vs. Madison
Louisiana Purchase
Burr conspiracy
Neutral rights
Impressment
Embargo

6. Pictures

7. Pictures

9. Test items Republican Vision/Jefferson/embargo/reduce the budget
Revolution of Jefferson/overturn Federal policies
Jefferson/a great politician
Ended internal taxes
Government spending
National debt
Jefferson and the court
Judiciary act of 1801
Mabry Vs. Madison
Louisiana Purchase reasons
Aaron Burr
War of 1812 causes, War Hawks/Clay/Calhoun/
Tecumseh’s goals

10. Essay Question
The War of 1812 was foisted upon an unwilling nation by a Congress controlled by a group of congressmen called the “War Hawks” whose main goal was the conquest of Canada.
Assess the validity of this statement using the documents and your knowledge of US History

11. Republican Agenda 1790’s Thomas Jefferson Not elitist like Federalist
Believed in the “Common Man”
Reacting against the philosophy of the Federalists and Hamilton
Pro-French, French Revolution as a great movement toward democracy
Believed in the strength of the small farmer
Wants to reduce the size of the Federal Government
Regarding the National Bank
Federal Government had no authority to create the National Bank
A strict interpretation of Constitution.
The constitution did not address or allow
Hamilton said, the constitution allows all laws that are necessary, known as the Elastic Clause
Believed in concepts of the States vs. Federal Gov

12. Sectionalism Developing
Northeast- Manufacturing=want to send goods West
Western Farmers agriculture=want to send goods East
Problem of Transportation= roads, canals, river transportation important building transportation networks.
Problem: Spain controls mouth of Mississippi until the French reacquire Louisiana under Napoleon and US make the Louisiana Purchase-1803

13. American Growth New Century
Census office million people 1820= 9.5 mill
33% ? growth rate each decade
Rapid Economic growth
Commercial and Geographic expansion
Cities- 1820
New York + 100,000
Philadelphia + 100,000
75% Pop Rural
5% in cities
20% in towns
People moving west in search of farm land
Ohio, Mississippi Valley

14. Quiz: 1800-1850 Acquisition of Territory States to the Union
Population Growth
Immigration
West Ward Shift of Population
Urbanization
Miles of Roads
Miles of Railroads
Industry
The South

15. Jefferson Presidency 1801-1809
Lawyer, diplomat, scientist, philosopher
Interested in Agriculture
Supported innovations and technology
“Where a new invention is supported by well-known principles, and promises to be useful, it ought to be tried.”
“I think this is the most extraordinary collection of talent, of human knowledge, that has ever been gathered at the White House - with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone.” JFK

16. How is Jefferson’s Election “Revolutionary” or the Revolution of 1800?
Peaceful transfer of power- was not common
It was a watershed for the Republic in that the opposing political parties would cooperate with a change in leadership
Some will say, changes Jefferson advocates will be revolutionary.
Jefferson as a common man- open to common people
Wants to remove the Federalist program and reduce the size of the Federal government

17. “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”

18. Jefferson’s Social Vision
Wanted to see individuals own land
Land was the key to democracy-
didn’t believe that cities and industry were ideal
Recognized manufacturing was necessary
“The cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens”

19. Jefferson’s Plan Wanted to return governing power to the states
Economics-
Thought Federalist enacted too many protective tariffs – that hurt farmer and favored merchants
Hated the national debt- $112 million by 1801
Gallatin was his Secretary of Treasury- proposed cutting spending to balance the budget
Federal jobs, military, navy budget cut
End internal taxes/excise taxes

20. Quiz: Jefferson and the Court
Judiciary Act of 1801
John Marshall
Marbury v Madison
Judicial Review

21. Speaking of “Midnight Judges”
Republican from Kentucky called Adams’s tactics "the last effort of the most wicked, insidious and turbulent faction that ever disgraced our political annals."

22. Jefferson vs. The Court A Federalist law is passed, Judiciary Act 1801
Created 16 new Federal judgeships
Adams appointed a number of judges before he left office (Midnight Appointments)
Jefferson pushes republican controlled congress to repeal the act and not seat Federalist judges
However the Supreme Court is packed with Federalist and will rule against Republican issues

23. John Marshall Chief Justice 1801-1835 link
Appointed as Chief Justice during last days of Adams' term
Most important Chief Justice in U.S. history; served for about 34 years
Molded or developed the power of the Judiciary

24. John Marshall Chief Justice 1801-1835 link
Key leader, “non-partisan” Federalist
Strengthened the Federal Government- at expense of states
Advanced the interests of the rich
Supported the legality of contracts
Supported the concept of Federal government supremacy over states
Dartmouth Case- overrode a state court

25. Marbury vs Madison, 1803 Link
"Midnight judge" William Marbury sued
(on the behalf of several other judges) for the
delivery of his commission that was being held up by the new Secretary of State Madison.
Madison was ordered by Jefferson to withhold appointments of Judiciary Act o 1801        
Marbury asked the Supreme Court should force the president to give him his job.
The Judiciary Act of 1789 said Court had a the power to compel the executive to act…
Marshall said 1789 Act Congress gave too much authority to Court…by giving the Court the right to enforce appointments (only the executive branch had right to enforce the law)
Ruling established a precedent
Supreme Court power to rule a law by Congress unconstitutional
Judicial Review
(the concept that the Supreme Court can rule laws unconstitutional)

26. Marshall Marshall Said:
“Marbury had a right to the commission but- the court had no authority to order Madison to deliver it.”

27. Marshall Court Marbury v. Madison 1803 Fletcher v. Peck 1810
Separation of Powers, Judicial Review
Fletcher v. Peck 1810
Federalism, Supremacy of National Law, Contracts, State Legislatures cannot break contracts
McCulloch v. Maryland 1819
Federalism, Supremacy, Elastic Clause, BUS, State can not tax Federal institution,
Dartmouth College v. Woodward 1819
Federalism, Supremacy, Contract Law- State Legislatures can not negate contracts
Cohens v. Virginia 1821
Federalism, Supremacy, State Court Ruling is appealed to Supreme Court, Feds have Supremacy over state court rulings
Gibbons v. Ogden 1824
Supremacy of National Law, Federalism, Interstate Commerce can not be restricted by state law
Worcester v Georgia 1832
Federalism- Supremacy, Indians Are separate, jurisdiction is Federal not state, (Johnson v. Macintosh Indians- only Feds can take or buy Indian land)

28. Louisiana Purchase 1801 France again controls the Louisiana Territory
Jefferson wants to expand US territory
Sends James Monroe to France to Negotiate the purchase of New Orleans because French tried to close the port to Western farmers
Monroe signed the deal with Napoleon 1803
The deal created a dilemma for Jefferson, he believed in strict interpretation of Constitution, which means the government only does what the Constitution says it should do.
Contrast to Hamilton's Elastic Clause assertion

29. Toussaint L’Overture

31. Burr Conspiracy
Burr, a scoundrel, and traitor- Killed Hamilton in 1804 (Federalists essentially die with hammy)
Jefferson broke with Burr early-
Burr became involved with a group of Federalists to create a separate country 1st with New York and NJ then later involving Mexico. (to secede)
Jefferson has Burr prosecuted,
Burr is tried in the Marshall court, very political
Marshall finds him not guilty
Burr eventually goes to Europe.

32. War of 1812 Quiz Choose three of the following: What was the Embargo
Who wanted it and why?
Who were the “War Hawks”
List three mains causes of the War of 1812-
What role did Andrew Jackson play in the War of 1812

33. Winds of War
Longtime problem of American merchant ships being seized and sailors forcibly impressed into service by British Navy, continues
,000 sailors were removed from US ships by British
Chesapeake Leopard incident-
Jefferson/Republicans respond with the Embargo Act of stopping all trade-
Results in immediate disaster
American agriculture prices fall-over supply-
Smuggling begins and Jefferson tries to suppress with Navy and Troops

34. “Ograbme”

35. Jefferson to Madison Embargo didn’t work
Jefferson never ended the national debt
Madison, Jefferson’s Secretary of State, in , is elected and Jefferson, before leaving office, asks Congress to repeal the Embargo and replace it with Non-Intercourse Act

36. Madison 1809-1816 Republican, Jefferson’s Secretary of State
Picked up where Jefferson left off
Trying to deal with European conflicts
British interference with trade continued-seizures and impressments
Western incitement of Indians

37. Madison
Non-Intercourse Act in an effort to repair damage by the embargo
Congress passes law to prohibit trade with Britain and France, but allow trade with other countries
Americans want Neutral Trading Rights

38. War of 1812 Stuff you need to know! War Hawks Invasion of Canada
Hartford Convention
Conduct of the war
Treaty of Ghent
New Orleans

39. War of 1812 Causes War Hawks- American Nationalists- legislators
advocated war with Britain to regain American trade
secure Western lands (kill Indians)
invade Canada
Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky
Congressman John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
Blamed Great Britain for inciting the Indians in Ohio

40. The Call for War
"I believe... it is necessary, war or abject submission are the only alternative left us. I am forced from my hobby, peace." – Jefferson
“Sir, is the time never to arrive, when we may manage our own affairs without the fear of insulting his Britannic majesty? Is the rod of British power to be forever suspended over our heads? No man in the nation wants peace more than I; but I prefer the troubled ocean of war... with all its calamities... to the tranquil and putrescent pool of ignominious peace!“ Henry Clay

42. Ohio Indian Trouble White settlement of Ohio increases 1800=5600
1810= 24, 500
1820=147,000
Indian Tribes pushed West are angry about treaties and White settlement

43. Quiz: War of 1812 Who was Tecumseh- what should we know about him?
Hartford Convention-
What was it?
What group participated in it?
What did they want to do?

44. Frontier Video
Two Tribal leaders, The “Prophet” Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh
Shawnee twin brothers- wanted their people to resist the white invasion and live separately
They try to form an Indian confederation to resist white settlement
William Henry Harrison and the US Army kill “Prophet” at “Prophet’s Town” in the Battle of Tippecanoe 1811
Americans believe the British are helping the Indians from forts in the Ohio valley

46. Madison Wins Election 1812 June 1812 War is Declared
Federalist against the war but out voted by Western and Southern Republicans (War Hawks)
Americans Invade of Canada
Through Detroit
Great Lakes Oliver Hazard Perry- defeats a British fleet Lake Erie “We have met the enemy and they are ours...two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop." The victory secured the Great Lakes region for the United States and ended the threat of invasion from that quarter.
But few lasting effects

47. Presidential Election of 1812

48. Military Issues
British Invade through the Chessapeake and burn Washington D.C.
Hero Andrew Jackson- defeats Creek indians in the Mississippi area and then goes on to defend
Jan New Orleans from invasion- great victory will bring him national prominence

49. Fort McHenry, Baltimore Harbor, Star Spangled Banner
Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thru the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming? And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

51. Battle of New Orleans

52. Yeah, they ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go. They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.** We fired our cannon 'til the barrel melted down. So we grabbed an alligator and we fought another round. We filled his head with cannon balls, and powdered his behind And when we touched the powder off, the gator lost his mind. Yeah, they ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go. They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.**
In 1814 we took a little trip Along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip. We took a little bacon and we took a little beans And we caught the bloody British in the town of New Orleans. We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin. There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago. We fired once more and they began to runnin' on Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. We looked down the river and we see'd the British come. And there must have been a hundred of'em beatin' on the drum. They stepped so high and they made the bugles ring. We stood by our cotton bales and didn't say a thing. Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surprise If we didn't fire our muskets 'til we looked 'em in the eye We held our fire 'til we see'd their faces well. Then we opened up with squirrel guns and really gave 'em ... well

53. British Strategy during the War of 1812
1) Fight Americans along U.S.-Canadian border
2) Attack U.S. At Washington, D.C.
3) Fight in the South

54. Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent, (Belgium) signed December 1814-
British evacuate the Ohio Valley, no major consequences
Indians lose, usually move West , lose large areas of land- in Northwest
Rush-Bagot Agreement- de-militarized the Great Lakes

55. Hartford Convention 1814 (Connecticut)
Federalist opposition delegates from New England meet to discuss complaints regarding the War and the Republican leadership
Some argue for secession
After the War Federalist are marginalized even more than before.

57. Quiz: Madison’s Economic Plans
Summarize the two major economic initiatives Madison supported-

58. The Madisonian Platform
After the War there is a huge feeling of Nationalism-
The idea of loyalty or devotion to a nation, or
Pride in one’s country, usually excessive
Madison unveils a program to develop the country through the leadership of the Federal Government:
Military, banking, protective tariffs, internal improvements (roads, canals), and a national university

59. Madison’s Platform Military
Banking- Chartering the Second Bank of the United States -first bank, time ran out and paper money issued caused inflation Bank is created 1816-
became economically strong
McCullah vs. Maryland- Marshall-ruled that the Bank was legal and states could not tax it.
Protective Tariff- During Embargo, manufacturing in Northeast develops, Brits produce more goods, cheaper, and faster
Textile industrialists, (Lowell) support tariff
Even Calhoun of South Carolina, supported the tariff, because of nationalistic or patriotic reasons.