1. Splash Screen

2. Section 1: Development of Foreign Policy
Essential Question
Section 1: Development of Foreign Policy
Section 2: Shared Foreign Policy Powers
Section 3: State and Defense Departments
Section 4: Foreign Policy in Action
Chapter Summary
Chapter Menu

3. How do governments interact with other nations
How do governments interact with other nations? How do the choices made by these nations affect their citizens?
Essential Question

4. Chapter Preview-End

5. Section 1-Content Vocabulary
foreign policy
national security
isolationism
internationalism
containment
Section 1-Content Vocabulary

6. Section 1-Academic Vocabulary
fundamental
maintain
intervene
Section 1-Academic Vocabulary

7. Section 1-Reading Strategy
Create a time line similar to the one below to trace the transition of U.S. foreign policy from isolationism to internationalism.
Section 1-Reading Strategy

8. Section 1-Polling Question
Which is the most important goal of U.S. foreign policy?
A. national security
B. maintaining trade
C. spreading democracy
D. global peace A B C D
Section 1-Polling Question

9. Goals of Foreign Policy
Foreign policy consists of the strategies and goals that guide a nation’s relations with other countries and groups in the world.
The principal goal of American foreign policy is to preserve the country’s national security—the protection of the nation’s borders and territories against invasion or control by foreign powers.
Section 1

10. Goals of Foreign Policy (cont.)
Maintaining trade with other nations and preserving access to necessary natural resources have also been basic goals of U.S. foreign policy.
The United States tries to help other nations settle disputes and has also supplied economic aid to at-risk countries, in part to prevent uprisings and revolutions.
Section 1

11. Goals of Foreign Policy (cont.)
The United States provides food, medical supplies, and technical assistance to victims of natural disasters or starvation around the world.
Humanitarian Assistance
Section 1

12. The protection of a nation’s borders and territories against invasion or control by foreign powers is called
A. foreign policy.
B. federal protection.
C. national security. A B C
Section 1 – DQ1

13. Development of U.S. Foreign Policy
Until the late 1800s, U.S. foreign policy was based on isolationism—avoiding involvement in world affairs.
During the twentieth century, the nation shifted toward internationalism—the belief that involvement in world affairs is necessary for national security.
Section 1

14. Until the late 1800s, U.S. foreign policy was based on
A. internationalism.
B. isolationism. A B
Section 1 – DQ2

15. The Cold War
Following World War II, American government leaders viewed the power and ambitions of the Soviet Union as a threat to national security.
Between 1945 and 1949, the Soviet Union imposed a communist system of government on the nations of Eastern Europe.
The Cold War was a war of words and ideologies with only a limited amount of military conflict.
Section 1

16. The Cold War (cont.)
To deal with communism the U.S. introduced the policy of containment to prevent Communism from spreading.
The Cold War policy of containment drew the United States into the Korean War and the Vietnam War.
The Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Section 1

17. The Cold War policy of containment drew the United States into which war?
A. the Persian Gulf War
B. World War I
C. World War II
D. the Korean War A B C D
Section 1 – DQ3

18. The Post-Cold War Era
In August 1990, dictator of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, decided to invade the tiny nation of Kuwait to gain control of its oil supplies.
In early 1991, coalition troops, led by a massive American force, expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait.
United States troops have also intervened in conflicts in Panama, Somalia, Haiti, and the Balkans.
Section 1

19. The Post-Cold War Era (cont.)
Following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the Bush administration adopted a strategy of preemption.
Instead of waiting for an attack, the United States would strike first to prevent nations that support terrorism from developing weapons of mass destruction.
Defending Against Terrorism
Section 1

20. The Post-Cold War Era (cont.)
On October 7, 2001, the United States and its allies attacked Afghanistan, where the Taliban—the militant Islamic government of Afghanistan—had refused to surrender terrorist leaders there.
Defending Against Terrorism
Section 1

21. The Post-Cold War Era (cont.)
Among the nations that sponsored terrorism and were suspected of developing weapons of mass destruction, President Bush believed that Iraq was the greatest threat.
With the help of Great Britain and several other nations, the United States invaded Iraq in March 2003 and removed leader Saddam Hussein from power.
Defending Against Terrorism
Section 1

22. Following the attacks of 9/11 the Bush administration adopted a strategy of
A. isolationism.
B. preemption.
C. delayed response.
D. diplomacy . A B C D
Section 1 – DQ4

23. Section 1-End

24. Section 2-Content Vocabulary
ambassador
treaty
executive agreement
bipartisan
Section 2-Content Vocabulary

25. Section 2-Academic Vocabulary
regime
military
consult
Section 2-Academic Vocabulary

26. Section 2-Reading Strategy
As you read, create a graphic organizer like the one at the right to list the ways Congress can influence foreign policy.
Section 2-Reading Strategy

27. Section 2-Polling Question
What is the president’s most significant power as commander in chief?
A. the command of military force
B. the power to appoint ambassadors
C. the power to sign treaties A B C
Section 2-Polling Question

28. Presidential Powers and Responsibilities
The president derives power to formulate foreign policy from two sources:
The Constitution lists certain presidential powers related to foreign policy.
The president functions as an important world leader.
Section 2

29. The president derives power to formulate foreign policy from
A. the Marshall Plan.
B. the Bill of Rights.
C. the Constitution.
D. the Dayton Accords. A B C D
Section 2 – DQ1

30. Commander in Chief
The Constitution grants the president the power to be the commander in chief of the nation’s military forces.
Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution grants the president the power to appoint ambassadors—government officials who represent the nation.
The president also receives ambassadors from foreign governments.
Section 2

31. Commander in Chief (cont.)
Article II, Section 2 also empowers the president to make treaties—formal agreements between the governments of two or more nations.
Section 2

32. A formal agreement between the governments of two or more nations is a(n)
A. bill.
B. sanction.
C. treaty.
D. executive order. A B C D
Section 2 – DQ2

33. Foreign Policy Advisers
The president has many advisers on foreign policy.
The secretary of state supervises all the diplomatic activities of the U.S. government.
The secretary of defense supervises the government’s military activities.
The national security advisor—who is also the director of the National Security Council—plays a major role in foreign affairs.
Section 2

34. Foreign Policy Advisers (cont.)
The Central Intelligence Agency was created in 1947 to gather and coordinate intelligence data for the president from across the world.
The National Security Agency is responsible for code-breaking and electronic spying.
The State, Energy, Treasury, and Homeland Security Departments also have their own intelligence groups.
Section 2

35. A. the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
What federal agency is responsible for code-breaking and electronic spying?
A. the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
B. the National Security Agency (NSA)
C. the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
D. the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) A B C D
Section 2 – DQ3

36. Powers of Congress
The Constitution gives Congress significant foreign policy powers, including the power to declare war and appropriate money.
By far the greatest source of congressional power in foreign policy derives from the control that Congress has over government spending.
The Constitution gives the Senate the power of advice and consent on all treaties.
Section 2

37. Powers of Congress (cont.)
The president may make treaties with foreign governments, but a two-thirds vote of the Senate must ratify them.
Executive agreements are pacts between the president and the head of a foreign government that have the legal status of treaties but do not require Senate approval.
The Senate also must confirm presidential appointments to diplomatic posts.
Section 2

38. A. executive agreements. B. presidential treaties. C. confirmations. A
Pacts between the president and the head of a foreign government that do not require Senate approval are called
A. executive agreements.
B. presidential treaties.
C. confirmations. A B C
Section 2 – DQ4

39. The President Versus Congress
Congress has the power to block some of a president’s foreign policies and even initiate policies of its own.
On most issues, Congress passes the foreign policy bills and treaties that the president and his advisers propose.
Especially in times of war and crisis, the president’s foreign policies have enjoyed bipartisan, or two-party, support.
Section 2

40. Does Congress typically pass or block the foreign policy bills and treaties that the president and his advisers propose?
A. pass
B. block A B
Section 2 – DQ5

41. The Role of Public Opinion
Although the president and Congress have the major responsibility for making foreign policy, their decisions are often influenced by the opinions of the American people.
Mass protests and demonstrations in the 1960s and the early 1970s had a direct impact on foreign policy with concern to the Vietnam War.
Besides public opinion, pressure from interest groups can also affect foreign policy.
Section 2

42. D. political watchgroups A B C D
Which of the following groups had the most impact on foreign policy regarding the Vietnam War?
A. other nations
B. the public
C. interest groups
D. political watchgroups A B C D
Section 2 – DQ6

43. Section 2-End

44. Section 3-Content Vocabulary
embassy
consulate
consul
passport
visa
conscription
Section 3-Content Vocabulary

45. Section 3-Academic Vocabulary
security
resolve
considerable
Section 3-Academic Vocabulary

46. Section 3-Reading Strategy
Use an outline similar to the one at the right to help you take notes about the State and Defense Departments.
Section 3-Reading Strategy

47. Section 3-Polling Question
Which is the most import function of the Department of State?
A. keeping the president informed of international issues
B. maintaining diplomatic relationships with foreign countries
C. negotiating treaties with foreign governments
D. protecting the interests of Americans traveling or conducting business abroad A B C D
Section 3-Polling Question

48. The Department of State
The Department of State carries out four important functions:
to keep the president informed about international issues;
to maintain diplomatic relations with foreign governments;
to negotiate treaties with foreign governments; and
to protect the interests of Americans who are traveling or conducting business abroad.
Section 3

49. The Department of State (cont.)
More than half of the employees of the State Department serve in other countries.
The officials who are assigned to serve abroad in foreign countries belong to the foreign service.
The United States maintains embassies in the capital cities of foreign countries.
The primary function of an embassy is to make diplomatic communication between governments easier.
Section 3

50. The Department of State (cont.)
The United States also maintains offices known as consulates in major cities of foreign nations.
Consulates function primarily to promote American business interests in foreign countries and to serve and safeguard American travelers in the countries where consulates are located.
Heading each consulate is a Foreign Service Officer called a consul.
Section 3

51. The Department of State (cont.)
For Americans who are traveling abroad, the State Department issues a document called a passport.
The traveler whose photograph and signature appear on the passport is entitled to certain privileges and protection established by an international treaty.
Section 3

52. The Department of State (cont.)
A visa is a special document issued by the government of the country that a person would like to enter.
American immigration laws require nearly all foreign visitors to obtain visas prior to entering the United States.
Section 3

53. Heading each consulate is a Foreign Service Officer called a(n)
A. consul.
B. diplomat.
C. executive.
D. chief. A B C D
Section 3 – DQ1

54. The Department of Defense
To protect national security, the Department of Defense supervises the armed forces of the United States and makes sure these forces are strong enough to defend American interests.
The Department of Defense assists the president in carrying out the duties of commander in chief.
United States Military
Section 3

55. The Department of Defense (cont.)
The ultimate authority for commanding the armed forces rests with the civilian commander in chief, the president of the United States.
Among the major divisions within the Department of Defense are the Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force.
United States Military
Section 3

56. The Department of Defense (cont.)
The United States Marine Corps, under the jurisdiction of the Navy, maintains separate leadership, identity, and traditions.
The president, the National Security Council, and the secretary of defense rely on the Joint Chiefs of Staff—made up of the top-ranking officers of the armed forces—for military advice.
United States Military
Section 3

57. The Department of Defense (cont.)
The United States has used two methods of staffing its armed forces:
by using volunteers and
by conscription, or compulsory military service.
United States Military
Section 3

58. The ultimate authority for commanding the armed forces rests with
A. Congress.
B. the secretary of defense.
C. the president.
D. the National Security Advisor . A B C D
Section 3 – DQ2

59. Section 3-End

60. Section 4-Content Vocabulary
mutual defense alliance
regional security pact
multilateral treaty
bilateral treaty
collective security
sanction
Section 4-Content Vocabulary

61. Section 4-Academic Vocabulary
minimize
framework
nuclear
Section 4-Academic Vocabulary

62. Section 4-Reading Strategy
Use a graphic organizer like the one below to list the foreign policies the government uses to ensure the nation’s security.
Section 4-Reading Strategy

63. Section 4-Polling Question
Which is most likely to provide collective security?
A. multilateral treaties
B. bilateral treaties A B
Section 4-Polling Question

64. Alliances and Pacts
Throughout history, when nations felt a common threat to their security, they came together to negotiate mutual defense alliances.
Through such alliances, the United States has committed itself to defending Western Europe, the North Atlantic, Central and South America, and the island nations of the South Pacific.
Section 4

65. Alliances and Pacts (cont.)
The treaties that protect these areas are referred to as regional security pacts.
In 1945 the United States and leaders of the war-torn nations in Western Europe agreed to protect each other from domination by the Soviet Union by forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Section 4

66. Alliances and Pacts (cont.)
Since the major military threat to its members ended in the early 1990s, NATO has been redefining itself in two ways:
First, NATO has expanded its mission to include crisis intervention and peacekeeping in other areas of the world.
Second, NATO has expanded its membership.
Section 4

67. Alliances and Pacts (cont.)
Multilateral treaties are international agreements signed by several nations.
A bilateral treaty is an agreement that involves only two nations.
The goal of these treaties is to provide collective security for the United States and its allies.
Section 4

68. International agreements signed by several nations are
A. bilateral treaties.
B. sanctions.
C. executive agreements.
D. multilateral treaties. A B C D
Section 4 – DQ1

69. Foreign Aid Programs
Since 1946, the United States has provided more than $300 billion in economic aid worldwide and about $160 billion in military aid.
Today the Agency for International Development, an agency of the State Department, administers economic aid.
U.S. Foreign Aid
Section 4

70. A B C D Which U.S. agency provides economic aid to developing nations?
A. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
B. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
C. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
D. Agency for International Development (AID) A B C D
Section 4 – DQ2

71. Economic Sanctions
Sanctions are measures such as withholding loans, arms, or economic aid to force a foreign government to cease certain activities.
The United States may also restrict trade with another nation as an economic sanction.
Section 4

72. Measures such as withholding loans, arms, or economic aid to force a foreign government to cease certain activities are called
A. demands.
B. sanctions.
C. penalties.
D. treaties. A B C D
Section 4 – DQ3

73. The Use of Military Force
Using military force, or threatening to use force, has always been an important tool of foreign policy.
The Constitution divides the war power between the president and Congress.
Section 4

74. The Constitution divides the war power between the president and
A. the Supreme Court.
B. state governments.
C. Congress.
D. the United Nations. A B C D
Section 4 – DQ4

75. Section 4-End

76. Foreign Policy Trends
Isolationism—The United States avoided foreign involvement until the late 1800s.
Internationalism—The United States expanded involvement after 1919 as it became a world power.
Interdependence—More emphasis since the end of the Cold War on cooperation to address global issues
Chapter Summary start

77. President—head of state and commander in chief
Foreign Policy Powers
President—head of state and commander in chief
Congress—declares war, appropriates funds, ratifies treaties, confirms diplomatic appointments
Chapter Summary

78. Tools of Foreign Policy Alliances and pacts Foreign aid programs
Economic sanctions
Use or threat of military force
Chapter Summary

79. State and Defense Departments
Department of State advises president, conducts diplomacy, protects Americans abroad
Department of Defense supervises the armed forces and military missions under the president
Chapter Summary

80. Chapter Summary – end of

81. Figure 1

82. Figure 2

83. Figure 3

84. Figure 4

85. MIR Trans

86. ANSWERS
1. Answers will vary, but students should be able to support their choices.  
2. Possible answers include that free trade ensures that vital imports and exports will be easily available.  
3. Answers will vary but should demonstrate thoughtful reasoning.
DFS Trans 1

87. ANSWERS
1. The agreement was set to go into effect on January 1, 1994.  
2. Answers will vary but include that unions feared job losses and unemployment  
3. No; many Democrats opposed Democrat Bill Clinton and many Republicans supported him.
DFS Trans 2

88. DFS Trans 3 ANSWERS 1. between 1950 and 1955
2. yes; the Korean War and the Vietnam War  
3. Fewer troops were needed because of the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union.
DFS Trans 3

89. DFS Trans 4 ANSWERS 1. 3; Croatia, Albania, and Macedonia
2. Answers will vary, but students should demonstrate understanding of NATO’s role in peacekeeping missions and fighting terrorism.  
3. the United States and Canada
DFS Trans 4

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