1. AP Biology
Lab Review

2. Lab 1: Artificial Selection
Concepts:
Natural selection = differential reproduction in a population
Populations change over time  evolution
Natural Selection vs. Artificial Selection

3. Lab 1: Artificial Selection
Description:
Use Wisconsin Fast Plants to perform artificial selection
Identify traits and variations in traits
Cross-pollinate (top 10%) for selected trait
Collect data for 2 generations (P and F1)

4. Sample Histogram of a Population

5. Lab 1: Artificial Selection
Analysis & Results:
Calculate mean, median, standard deviation, range
Are the 2 populations before and after selection (P and F1) actually different?
Are the 2 sub-populations of F1 (hairy vs. non-hairy) different?
Are the means statistically different?
A T-test could be used to determine if 2 sets of data are statistically different from each other

6. Lab 2: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
Concepts:
Bioinformatics: combines statistics, math modeling, computer science to analyze biological data
Genomes can be compared to detect genetic similarities and differences
BLAST = Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
Input gene sequence of interest
Search genomic libraries for identical or similar sequences

7. Description: Use BLAST to compare several genes
Lab 2: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
Description:
Use BLAST to compare several genes
Use information to construct a cladogram (phylogenetic tree)
Cladogram = visualization of evolutionary relatedness of species

8. Lab 2: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships

9. Lab 3: Diffusion & Osmosis
Concepts:
Selectively permeable membrane
Diffusion (high  low concentration)
Osmosis (aquaporins)
Water potential ()
 = pressure potential (P) + solute potential (S)
Solutions:
Hypertonic
hypotonic
isotonic

10. Lab 3: Diffusion & Osmosis

11. Lab 3: Diffusion & Osmosis
Description:
Surface area and cell size vs. rate of diffusion
Cell modeling: dialysis tubing + various solutions (distilled water, sucrose, salt, glucose, protein)
Identify concentrations of sucrose solution and solute concentration of potato cores

12. Potato Cores in Different Concentrations of Sucrose

13. Lab 3: Diffusion & Osmosis
Conclusions
Water moves from high water potential ( ) (hypotonic=low solute) to low water potential () (hypertonic=high solute)
Solute concentration & size of molecule affect movement across selectively permeable membrane

15. Lab 4: Photosynthesis Concepts: Photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 + Light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Ways to measure the rate of photosynthesis:
Production of oxygen (O2)
Consumption of carbon dioxide (CO2)

16. Lab 4: Photosynthesis Description: Floating disk technique
Leaf disks float in water
Gases can be drawn from out from leaf using syringe  leaf sinks
Photosynthesis  O2 produced  bubbles form on leaf  leaf disk rises
Measure rate of photosynthesis by O2 production
Factors tested: types of plants, light intensity, colors of leaves, pH of solutions

17. Floating Disk Technique

18. Lab 5: Cellular Respiration
Concepts:
Respiration
Measure rate of respiration by:
O2 consumption
CO2 production

19. Lab 5: Cellular Respiration
Description:
Use respirometer
Measure rate of respiration (O2 consumption) in various seeds
Factors tested:
Non-germinating seeds
Germinating seeds

21. Lab 5: Cellular Respiration

22. Lab 5: Cellular Respiration

23. Lab 5: Cellular Respiration
Conclusions:
temp = respiration
germination = respiration
Animal respiration > plant respiration
 surface area =  respiration
Calculate Rate

24. Lab 6: Mitosis & Meiosis Concepts: Cell Cycle (G1  S  G2  M)
Control of cell cycle (checkpoints)
Cyclins & cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Crossing over  genetic diversity

25. Lab 6: Mitosis & Meiosis

26. Lab 6: Mitosis & Meiosis Description:
Model mitosis & meiosis (pop-beads)
Observe karyotypes Meiosis & crossing over in Sordaria (fungus)

27. Lab 6: Mitosis & Meiosis

28. Lab 6: Mitosis & Meiosis

29. Meiosis: Crossing over in Prophase I

30. Lab 6: Mitosis & Meiosis Observed crossing over in fungus (Sordaria)
Arrangement of ascospores

31. Sordaria Analysis % crossover total crossover total offspring =
distance from centromere
% crossover 2 =

32. Lab 7: Bacterial Transformation
Concepts:
Transformation: uptake of foreign DNA from surroundings
Plasmid = small ring of DNA with a few genes
Replicates separately from bacteria DNA
Can carry genes for antibiotic resistance
Genetic engineering: recombinant DNA = pGLO plasmid

33. Lab 7: Bacterial Transformation

34. Lab 7: Bacterial Transformation

35. Lab 7: Bacterial Transformation
Conclusions:
Foreign DNA inserted using vector (plasmid)
Ampicillin = Selecting agent
No transformation = no growth on amp+ plate
Regulate genes by transcription factors (araC protein)

36. Lab 7: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
Concepts:
Restriction Enzymes
Cut DNA at specific locations
Gel Electrophoresis
DNA is negatively charged
Smaller fragments travel faster

37. Lab 7: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
Description

38. Lab 7: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
Conclusions:
Restriction enzymes cut at specific locations (restriction sites)
DNA is negatively charged
Smaller DNA fragments travel faster than larger fragments

39. Lab 8: Energy Dynamics Concepts: Biomass = mass of dry weight
Energy from sunlight  drives photosynthesis (store E in organic compounds)
Gross Productivity (GPP) = energy captured
But some energy is used for respiration (R)
Net primary productivity (NPP) = GPP – R
Energy flows! (but matter cycles)
Producers  consumers
Biomass = mass of dry weight

40. Lab 8: Energy Dynamics Pyramid of Energy Pyramid of Biomass
Pyramid of Numbers

41. Lab 8: Energy Dynamics Description:
Brassica (cabbage)  cabbage white butterfly larvae (caterpillars)

42. Lab 8: Energy Dynamics Measuring Biomass: Cabbage  mass lost
Caterpillar  mass gained
Caterpillar frass (poop)  dry mass

43. Lab 9: Transpiration Concepts: Transpiration Xylem Water potential
Cohesion-tension hypothesis
Stomata & Guard cells
Leaf surface area & # stomata vs. rate of transpiration

44. Lab 9: Transpiration

45. Lab 9: Transpiration Description:
Determine relationship between leaf surface area, # stomata, rate of transpiration
Nail polish  stomatal peels
Effects of environmental factors on rate of transpiration
Temperature, humidity, air flow (wind), light intensity

46. Lab 9: Transpiration Conclusions: transpiration:  wind,  light
transpiration:  humidity
Density of stomata vs. transpiration
Leaf surface area vs. transpiration