1. UNIT 1 – THE WEST AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
The West
1) Identify key themes of westward movement and expansion after the Civil War
2) Discuss the destruction of native peoples, recognizing that native peoples were separate tribes and could be allies or enemies or both to the us army
Industrialization
1) Identify the origins and extending socio-economic impacts of the following mid to late 19th century inventions: electricity, automobiles, barbed wire, Bessemer process, oil drilling, “standard time”, telephone
2) Assess the impact of the railroad on the American society and economy in the 19th century
3) Identify the rise of major corporations, industrialist capitalists and their methods and their impact on capitalist competition
4) Identify major labor unions and examples of negotiation and resistance (socialism, anarchism)

2. Chapter 2
Settling the west
( )

3. Settling the West
19th century doctrine that westward expansion of the U.S. was not only inevitable but a God given right
*Manifest Destiny encouraged westward expansion
*Manifest Destiny justified the mistreatment of Native Americans because they were considered uncivilized. It was the right and “duty” of Americans to civilize & Christianize the Native Americans.
MANIFEST DESTINY

4. Manifest Destiny
The term "manifest destiny" was first used by journalist John O'Sullivan in the New York Democratic Review in 1845.
O'Sullivan wrote in favor of the U.S. annexing Texas, a region that the U.S. recognized as independent of any other nation.
“…For this blessed mission to the nations of the world, which are shut out from the life-giving light of truth, has America been chosen; and her high example shall smite unto death the tyranny of kings, hierarchs, and oligarchs, and carry the glad tidings of peace and good will where myriads now endure an existence scarcely more enviable than that of beasts of the field. Who, then, can doubt that our country is destined to be the great nation of futurity?”
*In simple terms, Manifest Destiny was the idea that Americans were destined, by God, to govern the North American continent.

5. “American Progress” – John Gast

6. “American Progress”
Analyze the “American Progress” painting by John Gast and briefly respond to the these questions in your notes:
1) Describe what is happening in the picture?
2) What does the woman represent?
3) What does the artist want you to think, know, and feel?
4) What is the artist’s opinion about westward expansion?

7. Lessons 1 & 2– Transforming the West
Western Settlement
FARMING
RANCHING
MINING
RAILROADS
Manifest Destiny realized

8. RAILROADS Railroads open the West Private Companies Built
Transcontinental Railroad built connecting East & West – authorized by Congress during the Civil War
Private Companies Built
Central Pacific – Mostly Chinese immigrants
Union Pacific – Mostly Irish immigrants
Supported By Government
Land Grants
for every mile of track laid in a state, RR companies received 10 square miles
For every mile of track laid in a territory, RR companies received 20 square miles
170 million acres (1/2 billion $ worth of land)
Loans & Subsidies
Transcontinental RR finished 1869 at PROMONTORY POINT, UTAH
Settlement of Western Territories follows
Ten territories become states (1864 – 1896)
While MANIFEST DESTINY encouraged Western settlement, RAILROADS allowed for people to move WEST
*It took 250 years to settle first 400 million acres
**It took 30 years to settle next 400 million acres ( )

9. Mining Towns Discovery of Gold or Silver People move to area
Major discoveries in Nevada (Comstock Lode), Colorado (Pikes Peak), Black Hills (Dakotas)
People move to area
Miners want to strike it rich – “Prospectors”
Boomtowns created
Communities developed around mining – Leadville, CO; Helena, MT; Denver, CO
Saloon keepers, boarding houses, casinos, hotels
Justice and order needed to limit violence & lawlessness
Marshalls & Sheriffs
Vigilantes – Self-appointed enforcer of the law
Vigilance Committees - group of citizens organized to find criminals and bring justice.
Mining Towns
Boomtowns to ghost towns
Mining helped to:
1)Finance the Civil War
2)Facilitate building of RR
3) Intensified bitter conflict between white settlers & Native Am.

10. Mining and Western settlement
Mining Leads to Statehood
Nevada – Comstock Lode in 1864 led prospectors to flood the area
“Pikes Peak or Bust” – Gold and Silver in Colorado; Denver becomes 2nd largest western city
North and South Dakota– Black Hills gold rush
Montana – Copper Mining/Ranching
Big Business Took over
Once loose surface gold was gone, big machinery was needed to mine & extract minerals
Hydraulic Mining – method of mining by which water was sprayed at a very high pressure to expose large deposits of minerals beneath the surface
Corporations came to dominate mining & advanced techniques along the way (quartz mining)

11. Cattle Ranching
Cattle business on the Great Plains expanded after the Civil War due to the demand for beef in growing cities
Railroads allowed ranchers to make profit off cattle
Started to round up the longhorn cattle and ship them east to market
COWBOYS – drove herds of cattle across the open range
Language, skills , and identity influenced by Mexican vaqueros
Real-life of cowboy differed greatly from romanticized myths of the “old west”
35,000 worked b/w 1864 & 1884 (drove over 5,000,000 head of cattle during this time)
Cattle drives lasted about 3 months – dangerous overland transport of cattle herds
Legends of the West: “Wild Bill” & “Calamity Jane”
Open Range System – cattle grazed on un-fenced property
END OF THE OPEN RANGE
1)Overgrazing
2)Barbed Wire
3) Bad weather – harsh winters and dry summers

12. Settling the Hispanic Southwest
With the U.S. victory over Mexico in the Mexican-American War in 1848, the U.S. acquired the vast region of the American Southwest.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – granted the region’s residents property rights and citizenship
As Americans moved to the West, cultures clashed.
Hispanic Americans struggled to hold on to economic, political, and cultural dominance
Increasingly, the original Hispanic population found its status diminished and often relegated to lower paying and less desirable jobs

13. Mexican Land Given to the USA
TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO – 1848

14. Chapter 2 Lesson 2
Farming the Plains

15. Farming
Homestead Act – U.S. Gov’t offered land (160 acres) to heads of families
from over 600,000 families took advantage of land (Homesteaders)
Exodusters – Blacks leaving the South after the Civil War to move to Kansas
Land giveaway in 1889 – Oklahoma land grab, settlers claimed more than 2 million acres. Some folks claimed land sooner than was allowed – “Sooner” state (Oklahoma)
Government Support for Settlement

16. Farming Settlers meet challenges on the plains
Dwellings – settlers used the earth to make homes, digging into the hillside (dugouts)
Soddy
houses built out of mud and sod
provided adequate shelter from the dramatic climate (cool in summer, warm in winter)
Women had to work just as hard as men
Agricultural education was important
The Morrill Act (1862)– land grant universities
Hatch Act (1887) – farming experiment stations
Developments in farming techniques allowed the dry plains region to become America’s “breadbasket”
Technology improves
John Deere’s plow
Cyrus McCormick’s reaper
Barbed wire fences
Dry Farming methods
Farmers had to take loans to get started (machinery, land, seed)
Market prices determined farmer’s success (prices high=repay loans; low prices=more debt)
Bonanza Farms – huge, single crop farms
Tried to make money off one crop
Smaller farms could diversify crops
Drought runs big farms out of business
Railroad companies put farmers further into debt
High prices to ship from the West
Lack of competition
Settlers meet challenges on the plains
Surviving on the prairie
Farmers in debt
* farmers must come together to defend rights

17. Farming “PRAIRIE FA N” (Water Pump) “Sod Buster” (Steel Plow)
Technology tames the prairie
“Sod Buster” (Steel Plow)

18. Closing the Frontier The Frontier Ends
The U.S. loses its frontier – Unique American characteristic gone
(Frontier = territory uninhabited by white settlers)
1st National Park – Yellowstone National Park (1872). Tourist destination
Frederick Jackson Turner – The Significance of the Frontier on American Society

19. Frontier Settlement (1870-1890)
Frederick Jackson Turner – The Significance of the Frontier on American Society