1. Ms. Bosinski/ Mrs. Newlove
Evolution
Ms. Bosinski/ Mrs. Newlove
Evolution is a THEORY which is supported by evidence; cannot be completely proven.
Evolution – the idea that SPECIES have changed over time.

2. Evolution
Evolution-The process by which species change over time, or become extinct.
Species-All the organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, and look roughly alike.
Extinction-When all members of a species have died and that species no longer exists.

3. Jean Lamarck
BEFORE Charles Darwin, Jean Lamark came up with ideas of how evolution worked.
His theories have been proven FALSE.
He believed that organisms could CHANGE to fit the environment (Use/Disuse), and that those traits could be passed on to offspring

4. Lamarck believed that giraffes could STRETCH their necks and then pass that trait on to their offspring.
This is NOT true!!

5. Charles Darwin Lived in England
When he was young, he took a voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle
They sailed into the Pacific Ocean, to the Galapagos, and Darwin discovered several new species, including species of finches that were found no where else.
This led him to think about why the finches on the Galapagos would be different than those in England.

6. Darwin
Basically, Darwin said that living populations change over time because of changes in their environment.
Certain individuals are ‘selected’ to breed because they are better adapted to the change in the environment.
He called this process, ‘natural selection’

7. Evolution- Some terms
Adaptation-A trait that an organism has which helps it to survive its environment.
Adaptation - does NOT mean to change!
Natural Selection-The natural change in environment which will determine which traits are useful and which are not; those traits will be passed on to succeeding generations.

8. Darwin’s Theory Includes:
Overproduction (Too many offspring) 
Competition (Struggle for resources) 
Variations (Not all members are the same) 
Adaptations (Some have favorable characteristics) 
Natural Selection (The best suited will survive 
Speciation (Eventually a new species could form)  -
Sets up competition
Food, water, shelter, mates, etc.
Differences in appearance/ DNA
Traits! (doesn’t mean change)
Survival of the fittest!
This has never been witnessed; many species have become extinct, but no one has seen one species evolve into a new one

9. THE IMPORTANCE OF VARIETY…..
If the environment changes, it is likely that SOME organisms of a species will survive if there is more VARIETY!!
The more DIVERSITY there is in a population the more stable that population is.
Variety is the SPICE of Life!!!
Diversity = Biodiversity!!
Biodiversity INCREASES the stability of an ecosystem!

10. This diagram illustrates Lamarck’s theory of evolution
This diagram illustrates DARWIN’s theory of evolution.

11. MUTATIONS
The source of variations can be traced back to MUTATIONS, which change the genetic information (DNA, Genes, or Chromosomes)
MOST mutations are HARMFUL, but some can be helpful, as in the dark peppered moth!
Other sources of variation:
Gamete formation during MEIOSIS
Crossing-over during MEIOSIS
Joining of gametes at FERTILIZATION

12. Peppered Moth The peppered moth comes in two colors: white and black
The white color is favored by natural selection, because the bark of the trees that the moth rests on is white. This makes it hard to be spotted by birds.
They are the SAME species!!

13. Peppered Moth
However, when the factories in England started up, the bark of the trees often was covered in soot. This made the bark of the trees black. Scientists started seeing the moth population change from almost all white to almost all black.
The dark MUTATION occurred in 1819, thirty or so years BEFORE the Industrial Revolution!!

14. Peppered Moth
If this had happened long enough, the moth may become a new species.
In a polluted environment the light colored moths were DISADVANTAGED!
It was a RANDOM mutation that caused the dark coloration.

15. Evidence-Observations
Evidence of Evolution
Fossils-Fossils can be imprints, casts, molds, or petrified parts of animals and plants that lived thousands to millions of year ago.
Fossils form in sedimentary rocks which form in water

16. History of Life on Earth
The pattern seems to be from simpler forms to more complex forms
Several mass extinctions of large numbers of species have caused rapid evolution to occur, eg. 65 million years ago, and the Permian Mass Extinction

17. Evidence-Observation
Homologous Structures – Have SIMILAR STRUCTURE, but DIFFERENT functions

18. Evidence of Evolution
Comparative Embryology- Some organisms look VERY similar in the early stages of development.

19. Evidence
DNA!
Scientists have compared the DNA of many organisms, and organisms that have similar structures often have very similar DNA.
Humans and Chimpanzees have 98% the same DNA

20. How does Evolution Work?
Genetics!
Each species has a natural variation, because of different alleles. When something in the environment changes, some traits may provide an advantage, those traits, and therefore genes, are passed on to the next generation.

21. So…
The genes which code for traits which help the organism survive are going to be passed on.
Those that are not helpful are not going to be passed on, but eliminated from the gene pool.
Over many generations, a new species can form.

22. The Rate of Evolution
For some species, the rate of evolution has been SLOW, as in the HORSESHOE CRAB which has changed very little over 300 million years.
However, HORSES have evolved a lot over 60 million years.

23. Evolution Videos Structural Adaptations of Australian Wildlife
How Evolution Works

24. Finches on the Galapagos
Natural Selection & Adaptations