2. Unpredictable river flooding
Strong winds and monsoons
Protected to the north by the massive Himalayan Mountains

3. Artifacts and buildings discovered in 1922
Writing discovered but still not translated

5. Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro
Both had a well-planned grid pattern
Built with standard size bricks & with extensive plumbing systems
Toilets in homes

7. Farmed wheat, barley, melons, dates
Used irrigation systems and canals
Traded cotton cloth, grain, copper, bronze pearls, & ivory in cities
architects, artisans, city planners, scholars, soldiers

8. Included a mother goddess of creation
Polytheistic
Included a mother goddess of creation
Used images of sacred animals such as the bull and tiger
Buddhism & Hinduism eventually created

9. Government
Theocracy

10. Society ends around 1500 BC
Theories include natural disasters (tsunami, earthquake)
Possible invasion by Aryans

11. Indo-European people
Migrate into India through Khyber Pass around 1750 BC
Begins the Vedic Age based on the Vedas

12. Written in Sanskrit beginning about 1500 BC
The oldest scriptures of Hinduism
Include poems, prayers, and the Hindu Gods & Goddesses

13. Divided by occupation:
Brahmins – priests
Kshatriyas – warriors
Vaisyas – herders, farmers, artisans, merchants
Sudras – Non-Aryans, laborers, servants

14. This hierarchy develops into Hindu caste system
Establishes the basis for Hindu society