1. The Tide of War Turns
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2. Essential Questions
What was the importance of Lee’s victories at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville?
How did the Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg turn the tide of the war?
Why was 1863 a pivotal year?
What is the message behind the Gettysburg Address?

3. Confederate Victories
Union Gen. Burnside led 122,000 men in a direct attack on Richmond.
Lee met him with 79,000 men and artillery.
At Fredericksburg, MD, Lee’s forces butchered the northerners, taking only 5,000 casualties compared to Burnside’s 13,000.

4. Confederate Victories
Burnside resigned, leaving Gen. Joseph Hooker in charge.
Hooker planned to attack Fredericksburg from behind.
Lee caught onto his plan and attacked him at Chancellorsville.
Twice, Lee and Stonewall Jackson divided their forces and surrounded Hooker and surprised him.
Hooker lost, but Jackson was killed accidentally by his men.

5. Battle of Gettysburg
With Union losses mounting, Lee wanted to attack the north to attack cities.
The Union army moved north as well, staying between Lee and Washington.
They met at Gettysburg, in southern Pennsylvania.
It was July 1st.

6. Battle of Gettysburg Union casualties numbered 23,000.
Confederate casualties numbered 28,000.
Losing half his army, Lee retreated back into Virginia.

7. Siege of Vicksburg
Meanwhile, Gen. Grant had arrived at Vicksburg, MS in late
After several failed attempts to take it, he laid siege to the city.
Beginning in late May, an average of 2,800 shells fell on the city every day.
On July 4th, Confederate officers surrendered the city.

8. Gettysburg Address
In November, a national cemetery was dedicated for the Union dead at Gettysburg.
Lincoln was asked to say “a few appropriate remarks” at the dedication.
He came after MA Senator Edward Everett, considered one of the country’s best speakers ever.
Lincoln’s two-minute speech captured the grief at the terrible cost of war and the reasons for a continued effort to preserve the Union and its principles.