1. Why conversation works.
Grice’s Maxims
Why conversation works.

2. Grice’s ‘Logic of conversation’
Conversation works – even when we don’t say what we mean.
Why it works so well fascinated philosopher Paul Grice. He wondered about conversations such as this:
Jack: You’ve got a mountain to climb.
Lily: It’s better than a slap in the face.
What is going on here, and how do we know?

3. Paul grice (1913 –1988) British educated philosopher of Language
Spent the last two decades of his career in the U.S.

4. Grice’s ‘Logic of conversation’
Grice concluded that conversation must follow its own set of logical principles or ‘rules.’
He worked out how, even when we don’t mean what we say – that the full pragmatic force of our utterance is easily understood, as in this example:
Lily: This bottle’s half empty already!
Jack: Gosh – is that the time already?
What does ‘pragmatic’ mean?
Pragmatics are the underlying meanings in what we say – the sub text.

5. Grice’s insights
Grice decided that communication is a co- operative activity: when two people communicate it’s in their own best interests to make it go as smoothly as possible.
Speakers behave in certain predictable ways.

6. Grice’s ‘co-operative principle’
"Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged“ (Paul Grice)
This translates into 4 maxims:
Quality Manner
Quantity Relation

7. 1. Quality “Do not say what you believe to be false.”
“Do not say that for which you lack evidence.”
So... When someone speaks to us, we assume:
- that what they say is not knowingly untruthful.
- that the truthfulness of what they say does not need to be made stated.

8. 2. quantity “Make your contribution as informative as is required.”
“Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.”
So... When someone speaks to us, we assume:
- they do not purposefully hold back anything that is important
- they do not give more information than is asked.

9. 3. Manner “Be perspicuous” (clearly understood)
“Avoid obscurity of expression”
“ Be brief”
“Be orderly”
So, when someone speaks to us, we assume:
- That what they say is being said as straightforwardly as they can say it.

10. 4. relevance “Be relevant.”
So... When someone speaks to us, we assume:
- That what they say is relevant to the conversation.

11. The gricean maxims In short... 1. Be true 2. Be brief 3. Be clear
4. Be relevant
These maxims ensure that conversation is maximally efficient, rational and co- operative. It also ensures that we understand conversation.

12. Maxims in action A. “How do I get to Sainsbury’s, mate?”
B. “Go straight ahead, turn right at the school, then left at the bus stop on the hill.”
Speaker A assumes that:
B believes his directions to be genuine – the maxim of quality;
B believes the information to be sufficient – the maxim of quantity;
B believes his directions are to Sainsbury’s – the maxim of relevance;
B believes the information to be clear – the maxim of manner;

13. Not following the maxims
You can choose to ignore the maxims – usually to create a particular effect
A speaker can choose to:
Violate – be intentionally misleading
Opt-out – refuse to co-operate
Flout – be intentionally ironic

14. Can you think of any examples of conversations you have had / heard recently where maxims have not been followed?
Last night my boyfriend was cooking dinner and he asked me if I wanted extra chilli in the pasta. I answered “Is the Pope a catholic?” Here I was flouting the maxim of relevance to be funny. Because my boyfriend assumed that I was following the maxim of relevance he could understand the pragmatics of what I said, but it looked like violating – but I was still co-operating.

15. Examples of not following a maxim
Joke from comedian Les Dawson.
Not too bright, that particular lad. A salesman found him sitting on the doorstep one day. ‘Is your mother at home sonny?’ he asked. ‘Yes, replied the boy. So the salesman knocked on the door for a few minutes, then tried ringing the bell; finally he resorted to bashing on the window – all to no avail. ‘I thought you said your mother was at home,’ he snapped at the boy. ‘she is,’ came the reply, ‘only this isn’t our house.’
This is an example of flouting as the boy is being intentionally misleading to produce the effect of being ironic. He is flouting the maxim of manner as he is not being clear and straightforward in what he is saying, but it looks like violating.
Is this violating / flouting/ opting out? Which maxim is being flouted?

16. Flouting the maxim of manner to produce a humorous effect
Flouting the maxim of manner to produce a humorous effect. Seems like violating though.

17. ‘violating’ a maxim
This is an interview between Jeremy Paxman and Michael Howard. The leader of the opposition violated the maxim of relation by not giving an answer that related to the question:
Paxman: Did you threaten to overrule?
Howard: I was not entitled to instruct Derek Lewis and I did not instruct him.
Paxman: Did you threaten to overrule him?
Howard: The truth of the matter is that.

18. ‘opting out’
Here, Paxman asks the Prime Minister a question; the minister opts out of the maxim of relation:
Paxman: “When will war become inevitable?”
PM: “ Well I know you have to ask that question but it’s the kind of question I cannot answer.”

19. Flouting This is the most important ‘use’ of Grice’s maxims.
Unlike ‘violating,’ ‘flouting’ a maxim allows a speaker to signal that although they seem to be ‘violating’ a maxim, they are still co-operating.
“MMM, Donuts.”
“Homie, those pants look awful tight to me.”

20. Task 1. Read the script and see if you can identify
when Grice’s Maxims are being followed
when Grice’s Maxims are being broken, and more importantly...
How? Which rules are not being adhered to?
2.Then have a go at writing your own scripted conversation in which Grice’s Maxims are broken.