1. Give me 5… Factors related to poverty and social exclusion in the UK
Ways Government has tried to tackle poverty/social exclusion 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2. What will I learn?
Explain what is meant by the term the ‘glass ceiling’.
Select and explain evidence of gender inequalities in earnings and in the gender distribution of ‘top jobs’.
Describe the ways in which the ‘glass ceiling’ prevents women from achieving their potential in employment.
Describe and evaluate the findings of
the 2011 Sex and Power Report Scotland. 2

3. Success Criteria I can…
Explain what is meant by the term the ‘glass ceiling’.
Select and explain evidence of gender inequalities in earnings and in the gender distribution of ‘top jobs’.
Describe the ways in which the ‘glass ceiling’ prevents women from achieving their potential in employment.
Describe and evaluate the findings of the 2011 Sex and Power Report Scotland.

4. The Glass Ceiling
- Nicola Sturgeon speech referring to glass ceiling, 45 minutes in.

5. Have women achieved equality?
Women are still not fully equal to men despite various pieces of legislation being passed to try to achieve more equality. The main reasons are:
Continued direct discrimination from some men.
The difficulty in proving sex discrimination cases where a woman has to prove it was her gender and no other reason that caused her problem e.g. not being selected for a job.
The reluctance of many women to take an employer to an industrial tribunal as they may then look for an excuse to sack her later.
Many women are reluctant to push themselves forward due to the demands of family life, lack of confidence, the effects of stereotyping at home and in school.
The ‘glass ceiling’ is the phrase used to describe an invisible barrier which women face when trying to access top jobs.

6. The Glass Ceiling – why does it exist?
There is still some evidence of discrimination against women, in employment. This situation does seems to be improving though.
Women's role in raising children can be linked to the “glass ceiling” - many companies do not offer much in the way of child care facilities.
Often women take jobs to suit family life even if this means part time or less skilled work. A 2017 study found that women do 40% more household chores than men.
If this were paid work women would earn on average £259 per week compared to men earning £166.
Almost 1 in every 2 working women in the EU spends an hour or more caring/educating children or grandchildren, elderly or disabled people during the day, compared with only about a third of working men.

7. The Glass Ceiling – why does it exist?
It is difficult for women to access male-dominated networks based on after-hours socialising in the pub or golf club – These networks can influence appointments and promotions.
‘Presenteeism’ is the idea that senior management must be seen working long hours – there is a lack of part-time work and flexible working at senior levels.
Stereotyping and discrimination. Male directors may develop prejudices about a woman’s commitment and ambition – having children is not compatible to senior roles.
Lack of role models. There are very few female role models in senior positions to dispel these stereotypes and to inspire women to move to senior levels.
54% of women working part-time have been found to be ‘employed below their potential’, which amounts to 2.8 million women.

9. The percentage of workers in each occupation group that are women, April to June 2013, UK

10. The Gender Pay Gap
The gender pay gap is the percentage difference between average hourly earnings for men and women.
Men, on average, earned 18.4% more than women in April 2017.
It is estimated that for each year a mother is absent from the workplace her future wages will reduce by 5%.
Approximately 70% of people in national minimum wage jobs are women.
There were 681,000 men earning £100,000 or more in , according to HMRC data. It compares with only 179,000 women. The latest figures show that 17,000 men earned £1m+ in , while only 2,000 women did so.

11. The gender pay gap has decreased in recent years – and progress is being made.
The gap between men and women's earnings for both full and part-time work has fallen from 27.5% in 1997 to 18.4% in 2017.
If you only look at full-time workers the pay gap drops to 9.1%. For part-time workers the pay gap favours women, who now earn 5.1% more than men.

12. Women more often take lower paid jobs especially if they are lone parents.
These jobs often fall into the “5C” categories: Catering, Cashiering, Cleaning, Clerical and Caring.
Nearly 2/3rds of women are employed in just 12 occupation groups.

14. In 2013, 44% of women in work were graduates who had achieved a qualification that was above an A-level standard. This was slightly higher than the 38% of men qualified to a similar level.
For graduates, aged 22 and above, and looking at the skill level of their jobs, 53% of men were in “high skill” jobs compared to 49% of women.
A higher percentage of female graduates (27%) compared with males (13%) worked in “lower middle skill” jobs (teaching assistants, care workers and home carers and administrative roles the top three female jobs in this category)
More women than men were employed in “lower middle skilled” jobs despite employed female graduates tending to achieve just as strong degree results, with every three in five of those females (62%) with a degree or equivalent attaining a first or upper second class compared with 56% of men.

15. Quick Questions
In your own words define “the glass ceiling”.
What evidence is there that the gender pay gap still exists in the UK today?
List 4 reasons why women may face discrimination in the workplace.
Can it be said that women are making progress in the workplace? Give evidence to support your answer.
To what extent is gender inequality an issue in the UK today? Write a practice KAKAE paragraph to answer this question.

16. Women on Top – BBC 2012 Hilary Devey
Watch this clip on a documentary which was on BBC.
As you do, take notes on it.
Did anything surprise you?
Could you live this woman's’ life?
This is a You Tube clip – lasts around 5 minutes. If you have issues with accessing You tube, do a Google search for Women on Top and it might be brought up through an Open University site.

17. Are there cracks appearing in the ‘glass ceiling’?
Girls now outperform boys at all stages of education.
Girls are now entering traditional male jobs e.g. engineering surveys indicate 11% of the engineering workforce is female. This is a positive change from the 9% in 2015.
Increased numbers of girls entering all the professions even those traditionally seen as male dominated jobs e.g. law and accounting.
Increased numbers of female managers who will in time move to senior positions.
More women elected to the House of Commons and the other parliaments/ councils in the UK. There are currently 208 female MPs, an increase from 191 in the 2015 election.

18. The Sex and Power Report 2011 – Missing Women
Women in this country are better educated than ever before. They are graduating from university in ever increasing numbers and achieve better degree results than men. Intelligent, competent women are flooding the junior ranks of law firms, accountancies and medical practices.
These women step on the career ladder and work hard. In their twenties they are level peg with men and therefore we would expect them to enter the management ranks at the same rate as men.
However, several years down the track a different picture emerges – one where many have disappeared from the paid workforce or remain trapped in the ‘marzipan layer’ below senior management, leaving the higher ranks to be dominated by men. (‘marzipan layer’ on a cake is just below the icing – i.e. the top layer!)

19. The Sex and Power Report 2011 – Missing Women
Similarly, for Scottish trade union general secretaries, the percentage of women in these posts rose from 20.6% to just 25.7%.
The results of the 2011 survey indicate that it will take another 70 years to achieve an equal number of women directors in the FTSE 100 and another 45 years to achieve an equal number of women in the senior judiciary.
It will take another 14 general elections – that is, up to 70 years ‑ to achieve an equal number of women MPs in the UK parliament.

20. What do the statistics in the table show you?
Write a brief paragraph explaining/ evaluating what the statistics from the 2011 Sex and Power Report Scotland have shown you.

21. Recent Developments…
Nicola Sturgeon appointed first female Scottish First Minister in November 2014.
Has created a cabinet with a split.
2nd female Prime Minister of the UK Theresa May
The number of women in the Scottish Government overall now exceeds 40 per cent for the first time.
This shows definite progress for women in politics, although critics might argue that some women have been appointed to the cabinet because they are women…not because they are best for the job.

22. Clips…
– This Week discussion about the glass ceiling etc. Hilary Devey.

23. Task… Create a profile of Gender Inequality in the UK.
Include at least 6 stats
Include a graph or table
Highlight both areas of progress and areas in which women are still lagging behind.

24. Stand and Deliver task
As you have now written down the 5 C’s in your notes, we are now gong to test if you know them. Take 2 minutes to read over them and learn them.
Now close your folder, jotter etc.
All pupils in the group should stand. Number yourselves When the teacher tells you starting with number 1, you must (from memory – don’t cheat!!) tell your group what the 5 C’s are. It then goes to number 2,3 and 4 to do the same.
You must remember all the facts- EVERYONE in the group!
You cannot sit down until everyone in the group is confident that they know them all.

25. I can… Explain what is meant by the term the ‘glass ceiling’.
Select and explain evidence of gender inequalities in earnings and in the gender distribution of ‘top jobs’.
Describe the ways in which the ‘glass ceiling’ prevents women from achieving their potential in employment.
Describe and evaluate the findings of the 2011 Sex and Power Report Scotland.