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2. Einstadt suggested that these sub-cultures helped young people cope with the pressures and identity crisis they suffered during adolescence
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3. Examples of sub-cultures may include Skinheads and Hippies from the 60s and 70s, or Goths and Punks from the 80s.
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4. However Einstadt’s explanation does not account for the many youths who do not join sub-cultures but still have to go through adolescence.
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5. Deviance amongst youths implies that youth cultures do not provide the harmonious integration suggested by Functionalists.
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6. Other functionalist writers have suggested that youth culture is a ‘rite of passage.’
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7. However, not all youth sub-cultures are working class, for example the Mods of the 50s and the Hippies of the 60’s were mainly from middle class backgrounds.
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8. This implies that research into youth sub-cultures has been ‘malestream’ and ethnocentric.
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9. Hodgkinson’s research suggested that music was a key factor in attraction to the Goth sub-culture.
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10. Other reasons why young people join sub-cultures were investigated by Neo-Marxists such as the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies in Birmingham.
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