1. Figure 3 High-resolution manometry of achalasia subtypes
Figure 3 | High-resolution manometry of achalasia subtypes. a | According to the Chicago Classification v3.0, the criteria for classic achalasia (type I achalasia) are an integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) ≥15 mmHg and absent peristalsis without marked pressurization or contractions. b | Achalasia with oesophageal pressurization (type II achalasia) has an IRP ≥15 mmHg and at least 20% of swallows associated with pan-oesophageal pressurization to >30 mmHg. c | Spastic achalasia (type III achalasia) has an IRP ≥15 mmHg and a spastic contraction with ≥20% of test swallows20. d | An example of oesophagogastric junction (EGJ) outflow obstruction treated as achalasia but not meeting diagnostic criteria for achalasia because of preserved fragments of peristalsis. Dashed white lines represent initial upper oesophageal sphincter relaxation DL, distal latency.
Kahrilas, P. J. et al. (2017) Advances in the management of oesophageal motility disorders
in the era of high-resolution manometry: a focus on achalasia syndromes
Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. doi: /nrgastro