1. Video Monday!
Funniest Scare Pranks 2013

2. Today’s Class (9/27/16)
Outcome:
Be able to identify impacts of European expansion on the conquerors AND the conquered.
Make sure you pick up a note sheet from the front or you don’t get one 
Agenda:
Finish Guns, Germs & Steel video
Exploration & Expansion Notes

3. Exploration & Expansion
The European exploration
of “new worlds” &
Expansion of Europeans
across the globe

4. Motives – Why did it happen?
Europeans had long been attracted to Asia
Marco Polo had written of his travels to Asia in the 1200s, influencing many European monarchs and explorers.
Series of conquests by the Ottoman Turks (modern day Turkey & eastern Mediterranean) hindered the ability of Europeans to travel across land to the East
If not by land, then by sea
= Age of Exploration

5. Motives for the Age of Exploration
Three main reasons why the Age of Exploration flourished:
God 2. Glory 3. Gold

6. God Virtually all of Europe was Christian in the late 15th century.
Catholic: Spain, Portugal
Protestant: England
Catholicism, like most Christian denominations, seeks to proselytize.
Basic tenet of Christianity
Spread the word of God
Gain adherents for the Church
Increase Church’s power and influence

7. Glory
European explorers knew that finding new continents and land masses would bring fame not only for their country, but also for themselves.
Explorers often had a sense of great national pride. Many of the voyages were intended to spread the influence of their country and to bring more areas under their country’s control.
Explorers knew their discovery of new lands would gain them fame in their country and land their names in the history books.
They were right--we’re still studying them 600 years later!

8. Gold
Although European explorers hoped to find riches in their travels, this wealth did not necessarily have to be gold.
Spices, precious metals, stones, and gems were all very valuable to the Europeans. The monarchs of their countries wanted to build their wealth in order to finance armies and spread their country’s influence.
The predominant economic philosophy in Europe—mercantilism—stressed that the sole purpose of colonies was to make the mother countries rich.
The idea that foreign colonies could increase the wealth of a country helped ignite the Age of Exploration.

9. Technological Advances for Exploration
Europeans acquired many advanced forms of technology from the Arabs.
Portolani charts = showed coastlines, distances between ports
By 1500, cartography had developed – fairly accurate maps existed
Compass = showed ship’s direction heading
Astrolabe = used sun/stars to determine ship’s latitude
Caravel = smaller, more agile ships with lateen (triangular) sails. Able to carry less, but faster trips.

10. Portuguese Trading Empire
Portugal took the lead in European exploration, sponsored by Prince Henry the Navigator.
Portuguese fleet sailed along the western coast of Africa, discovering a new source of gold The Gold Coast
In 1488, Bartholomeau Dias rounded the tip of Africa, looking for a route to India.
Vasco da Gama extended the trip to Calcutta, India in He returned to Portugal with cargo of spices and made several thousand percent profit.
The route became well-traveled by Portuguese.

11. The Portuguese Trading Empire
Portugal returned to India to gain control of spice trade from Muslims that controlled it. After taking control of the spice trade from the Muslims, Portugal set up a port at Melaka on the Malay Peninsula, a thriving port in the spice trade.
From Melaka, Portugal could control spice trade to Spice Islands off coast of Indonesia, but did not have the power, people, or desire to colonize Asian regions.
Port of Melaka
Spice Islands

12. European Voyages to the Americas
Spanish sought to reach Asia by sailing westward, hoping for a quicker route.
Financed by Queen Isabella of Spain, Christopher Columbus launched a voyage in October 1492 to reach Asia, but instead landed on Cuba Hispaniola.
*Fix this in your notes*
Modern-day island of Haiti & Dominican Republic
He thought he had reached Asia, and called the islands the Indies.

13. Voyage to the Americas
By 1490s, both Spain and Portugal feared the other may claim others’ territories.
To solve this, the two created a line of demarcation – an imaginary line that divided their spheres of influence.
According to the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 with Portugal, Spain gained rights to almost all of the Americas.
After Columbus’ discovery, other explorers followed:
John Cabot of England explored the New England coast
Amerigo Vespucci of Italy wrote letters describing the area, using the word America for the new lands.
Europeans called lands the New World - ironic.

14. Spanish Conquerors
Spain sent conquistadors (Spanish explorers whose goal was to conquer) to the Americas.
Hernan Cortes - conquered Aztec Empire in central Mexico by 1550
Francisco Pizarro - encountered Incan Empire in South America.
Within 30 years, much of Central and South America was under Spanish control.
Guns & better technology allowed conquistadors to conquer.

15. Spanish Colonization
By 1535, Spain had established a colonial administration in the Americas.
Queen Isabella of Spain declared Native Americans (“Indians”) to be her subjects.
She granted the right to use the encomienda system.
In this system, Native Americans used as laborers.
Settlers ignored health of Natives, and starvation, hard labor, and lack of immunity to disease took heavy toll on Native Americans.
Hispaniola: In 1492, had ~250,000. By 1538, only 500 remained.
Mexico: In 1519, 25 million. By 1630, 1 million left.

16. Columbian Exchange
Native European items such as sugar, cotton, dyes, vanilla, and hides from livestock flowed into the Americas.
*Fix this item on your notes*
Native American agricultural products such as potatoes, coffee, corn, and tobacco were shipped to Europe.

17. Columbian Exchange

18. New Rivals Enter the Scene
By end of 1500s, rival countries began settling in eastern areas.
Spanish control Philippine Islands – major center of trade with “New World”
Ferdinand Magellan was killed by natives in these islands in his attempt to circumnavigate the globe.
English, Dutch land in India to compete with Portuguese.
Dutch landed in Americas, but were overtaken by English.
During 1600s, French colonized parts of Canada, English settled Virginia and Massachusetts.

19. Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism
In s, European countries set up colonies
Colony = settlement of people living in a new territory, linked to the parent country by trade and direct government control.
Under economic system of mercantilism, countries tried to obtain as much wealth (gold/silver) as possible and establish favorable balance of trade (exports > imports).
Colonies were considered important both as sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods.