1. Organic Chemistry
P 267

2. Hydrocarbon Hydro: hydrogen Carbon
Additional element: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulphur
Atomic number of carbon = 6
Valence electrons of carbon = 4
Each carbon atom has 4 bond in compound
Ex: alkanes
Alkanes: hydrocarbon that consist of hydrogen and carbon, (single bond)

3. CH4, methane
C2H6, ethane
C3H8, propane
C4H10, butane
C5H12, pentane

4. C6H14, hexane
C7H16, heptane
C8H18, octane
C9H20, nonane
C10H22, decane

5. Structure Types of Propane
Stick and ball model
Displayed Formula
3 dimensional Formula H H
Structural Formula H H
CH3CH2CH3 H H H H
Molecular Formula
Skeletal Formula
C3H8

6. ALCOHOL (-OH)
PROPANE
PROPANOL

7. ALCANOIC ACID
BUTANOIC ACID
BUTANE

8. ALDEHID/ALCANAL
PENTANAL
PENTANE

9. Ketones
Butan-2-one

10. Alkylamine R-NH2
CH3CH2CH2NH2
Propylamine

11. ESTHER (Alkyl Alkanoate)
propanoate
methyl

12. 2- Methyl Hexane Hydrocarbon with Branch 6 5 4 3 2 1
-Find the longest carbon chain, give the name
- Find branch and give the name to the Branch:
Carbon:Alkyl;
1 C atom: methyl
2 C atom: ethyl
3 C atom: propyl
Halogen: F(Floro), Cl(Chloro), Br(Bromo), I(Iodo)
- Give the number, branch number is the smallest number
Same branch:
2 branchs: di
3 branchs: tri
4 branchs: tetra 2-
Methyl
Hexane

13. the branches names arranged alphabetically
3-bromo 9-chloro 4-methyldecan-3-ol

14. 6-chloro 4-ethyl octan-3-one

15. Alcanal, and alcanoic numbering begin from C attached to the function5 4 3 2 1 4-
methyl
Pentanal

16. 4,6 -diethyl 2,4,7 -trimethyl nonane Same branch: 2 branchs: di1 2 3 4 6 5 7 8 9
Same branch:
2 branchs: di
3 branchs: tri
4 branchs: tetra
4,6
-diethyl
2,4,7
-trimethyl
nonane

17. Alcanal, and alcanoic numbering begin from C attached to the function
6-ethyl 3-floro 4,7-dimethyl octanoic acid
Remember that the branches names arranged alphabetically

18. Task
Copy the table 15.2 page 270 in to your book

19. Determination of element mass in compound
Compound: AmBn Mass of element A = Mass of element B = Find mass of carbon in 88 gr CO2 Mass of carbon = = = 24 gr

20. Determination of empirical formulae of organic compound
100,00 g amino acid(CpHqOrNs) react with oxygen and produced 117,10 g of carbon dioxide and 59,92 g of water. In kjeldahl a second of amino acid produced 22,64 g ammonia, determine the empirical formula of amino acid Answer - write the information mass of amino acid = 100 gr mass of carbon dioxide (CO2) = 117,10 gr mass of water(H2O)= 59,92 g mass of ammonia (NH3) = 22,64

21. Find mass of carbon in carbon dioxide
= 31,94 g
Find mass of hydrogen in water
= 6,66 g
Find mass of nitrogen in ammonia
= 18,64 g
Find mass of oxygen in amino acid
=mass of amino acid – carbon mass – hydrogen mass - nitrogen mass
= 100 – 31,94 – 6,66 – 18,64
= 42,76 gr

22. C2H5O2N Compare mass of the elements C : H : O : N
31,94 : 6, : 42, : 18,64
Compare mol of the elements
31,94/12 : 6,66/ : 42,76/16 : 18,64/14
2, : 6, : , : ,33
Divide by the smallest mole
: : :
Determine the empirical formula
C2H5O2N

23. Reactions
Subtitution C H Br + OH 
Br-
OH-

24. Addition Double bondsingle bond Triple bonddouble or single bond Elimination single bondDouble bond double Triple bond C H +
H2O OH  OH C H 
H2O +

25. Hydrolysis Reaction involve breaking covalent bonds by reaction with water + OH 
HBr
H2O

26. Breaking Bonds in Different Ways
Homolytic fission
Each atom break to free radical (atom with unpaired electron  +
Heterolytic fission
Each atom break to ion (cation and anion) - +  +

27. Another example
Homolytic fission CH3Br  CH3 + Br Heterolytic fission CH3Br  CH3+ + Br- +
Carbocation

28. Cycloalkane cyclopropane cyclobutane cyclopentane cyclohexane
Methyl cyclohexane

29. Alkylamine (R-NH2)
CH3NH2 methylamine CH3CH2NH2 ethylamine CH3CH2CH2NH2 propylamine

30. Alkenes C=C
ethene
CH2=CH2 CH2=CH-CH3 CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 CH2=CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CH3 Double bond number is the smallest number in the longest carbon chain
propene
butene
pentene
pent-2-ene

31. Isomerism
Structural isomer Different structural formula same molecular formula
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
Butane, C4H10
Methyl propane, C4H10

32. Prove it ! Functional isomerism Alcohol and eter Aldehid and ketones
Ethanol: CH3-CH2-OH, molecular formula: C2H6O
Ether : CH3-O-CH3, molecular formula: C2H6O
Aldehid and ketones
pentanal: ,molecular formula:C5H10O
Penta-2-one C5H10O
Alkanoic acid and esthers
Propanoic acid
Methyl ethanoate
Prove it !

33. Stereo isomer Geometric isomer (cis-trans isomerism) But-2ene: CH3-CH=CH-CH3 Cis-but-2-ene trans-but-2-ene

34. Optical isomerism use 3 dimensional formula
Occurs in the chiral molecules
The star sign indicate chiral center. Chiral center is the carbon atom which carries four different groups
Butan-2-ol

35. Reactions Routes Write the reactions routes to convert:
Propene to propanol
pass propene and steam over heated phosphoric acid catalyst under pressure
b. Propene to propanal
pass propene and steam over heated phosphoric acid catalyst under pressure untill propanol forms
Distill on propanol to acidified potassium dichromate

36. O C C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C C Br Br
Draw the structure of 5,7 dibromo, 2,6 dimethyl octan-3-one Solution steps Draw the longest chain Give the number Put the function Put the branches O C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C C Br Br