1. The Bureaucracy: Career Government Employees, Accountability, and Race
Chapter 8

2. Bureaucratic Organization
Cabinet departments
Independent regulatory commissions
Independent executive agreements
Government corporations

3. Bureaucratic Organization
Cabinet departments
Major divisions of the executive branch
14 cabinets
Each cabinet is further divided into specialized units
Example: Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice

6. Bureaucratic Organization
Independent regulatory commissions
Government bodies that issue and enforce regulations on specified economic and social interests
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

7. Bureaucratic Organization
Independent executive agencies
Narrow focus
Independent from cabinet departments
Engage in research
See “Our Voices: The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and the Controversy over Florida and the 2000 Election”
Do not regulate
No fees for service to the public

8. Bureaucratic Organization
Government corporations
Run by the federal government
Charge fees for service
Keep any generated revenue
Compete directly and indirectly with the private sector
Examples: U.S. Post Office and Amtrak

9. The Bureaucrats Patronage system Merit system
Bureaucrats: Employees who work in a bureaucracy
Politics versus merit
Patronage system
President Andrew Jackson
Merit system
President James Garfield
Pendleton Act of 1883
Hatch Acts of 1939 and 1993

10. The Bureaucrats Diversity Civil Rights Act of 1972
Prohibited discriminatory hiring practices
More difficult to demonstrate discrimination when it is a result of hiring practices that disproportionately harm racial and ethnic minorities (compared to clearly intentional discriminatory practices)
There is increased diversity in the federal bureaucracy; however, this is largely at the lower levels, rather than the upper echelons of the system

11. Bureaucratic Policymaking and Power
Implementation
Enforcement
Bureaucrats have varying degrees of discretion in their enforcement of laws
At times they follow the guidelines that have come from the top; at other times they engage in enforcement as they see fit

13. Bureaucratic Policymaking and Power
Implementation (cont.)
Rulemaking
Administrative Procedures Act of 1946
Federal Register
Administrative adjudication

14. Bureaucratic Policymaking and Power
Sources of bureaucratic power
Expertise
Alliances
Iron triangle
Issue networks

15. The Iron Triangle

16. Controlling Bureaucracies
Executive control over bureaucracies
The president cannot exert complete control over the bureaucracy
Senior Executive Service
Central clearance
Whistleblowers
Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989

17. Controlling Bureaucracies
Legislative control over bureaucracies
Congress creates, alters, or eliminates bureaucratic agencies
Congress provides bureaucratic oversight through committee hearings and investigations
Government Accountability Office
Comptroller general
Legislative veto

18. Controlling Bureaucracies
Judicial control over bureaucracies
Ruling that bureaucratic actions violate the U.S. Constitution
The judicial branch cannot act on its own accord but must wait for aggrieved parties to come forward
Equal Access to Justice Act of 1980