1. Functions of bone (skeleton)
Support and protection
Blood cell formation
Mineral storage (calcium especially)
Site for muscle attachmentbody movement

2. Living tissue in bone: Bone tissue Cartilage Dense connective tissue
Blood and nervous tissue

3. Bones classified by shape: long, short, flat, irregular, round
a. Long bones—femur and humerus
b. Short bones—tarsals and carpals
c. Flat bones—ribs, scapulae, and bones of the skull
d. Irregular bones—vertebrae and many facial bones
and some say sesamoid--round bones such as kneecap (patella)

5. Compact bone is comprised of tightly packed tissue that is strong, solid, and resistant to bending. Spongy bone consists of numerous branching bony plates. Irregular interconnected spaces occur between these plates, thus reducing the weight of the bone.

6. Compact and Spongy bone
Compact bone is comprised of tightly packed tissue that is strong, solid, and resistant to bending. Spongy bone consists of numerous branching bony plates. Irregular interconnected spaces occur between these plates, thus reducing the weight of the bone.

7. Compact bone
osteocytes within lacunae
arranged in concentric circles called lamellae
This surround a central canal; complex is called
Haversian system
Canaliculi (small passageways) connect osteocytes to central canal and to each other

8. Osteoclasts remove damaged cells and release
calcium into blood
Osteoblasts remove calcium from blood and build
new matrix. They become trapped
osteoclasts which differentiate
into Osteocytes = mature bone cells.

9. Nutritional factors
Foods rich in Vitamin D are necessary for proper absorption of calcium in the small intestine. If this is lacking, rickets can develop or osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin A is necessary for bone resorption during normal development.
Vitamin C is needed for collagen synthesis. Lacking either Vitamin A or C can hinder normal bone growth.

10. Growth hormone regulates skeletal growth
stimulates cell division in epiphyseal disks
in long bones
Growth stops when epiphyseal disks are
converted to bone
When excess growth hormone is produced in
childhoodgigantism
In adulthood- acromegaly. Bones can’t grow
but soft tissue can

12. Physical exercise pulling on muscular attachments to bone stimulates bone growth. The pulling stresses the bone and stimulates the bone tissue to thicken and strengthen

13. Types of bone breaks Simple- fissure -skin is not pierce
Compound- skin is pierced many pieces
Complete- bone is broken in half—transverse or oblique
Partial- broken lengthwise but not into two parts
Greenstick- incomplete break on outer arc
Spiral- twisted

15. Pelvis posterior view

16. Right hip bone (a) Medial surface (b) Lateral view

18. Articulation- where joints are formed
Axial
Axial skeleton supports and protects organs
of head, neck and trunk
Appendicular
Appendicular skeleton- bones of limbs and bones that anchor them to the axial skeleton
Articulation- where joints are formed

19. Aging and bones both bone and cartilage tend to deteriorate
cartilage: chondrocytes die, cartilage becomes calcified
osteoporosis; bone is broken down faster than it can be built bones get weak and brittle; tend to fracture easily