1. Tt Tt Tt Tt The Punnet Square Mendel's pea plants Tall = TT T T
Short = tt
T T Tt Tt t
P1 Generation Tt Tt
F1 Generation

2. TT Tt Tt tt The Punnet Square Mendel's pea plants Tall = Tt T t T
F1 Generation Tt tt
F2 Generation

3. Gender The sex of an animal is determined by the sex chromosomes.
There are two types,
X shaped chromosomes
Y shaped chromosomes
Vertebrate males have a XY
Vertebrate females have a XX

4. Sex-linked Genes
Fruit Flies inherit sex chromosomes the same a humans.
Traits located on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked traits.
All sex-linked traits are located on the X chromosomes.

5. Sex-linked Genes Male Fruit Flies Phenotype = White Eyes
Genotype = Xr Y
Female Fruit Flies
Phenotype = White Eyes
Genotype = Xr Xr

6. Sex-linked Genes
Xr Y
XRXr
XRY XR
XRXr
XRY

7. Sex-linked Genes
XR Y
XRXR
XRY XR Xr
XRXr
XrY

8. Incomplete Dominance
When traits are inherited incompletely, or they mix.
Red Carnations
Genotype (RR)
White Carnations
Genotype (R’R’)

9. Incomplete Dominance
When they reproduce the offspring are pink in color.
New phenotype occurs because the trait that controls pigment is affected.

10. Incomplete Dominance
R’ R’ R
R’R
R’R
R’R
R’R

11. Incomplete Dominance
R’ R R’ R
R’R’
R’R
R’R RR