1. The Cell Cycle and Protein Synthesis
Chapter 5
The Cell Cycle and Protein Synthesis

3. I. Language of Genes
1. Four nucleotides 2. Three nucleotides make a codon 3. Sets of codons make genes

4. I. Language of Genes
4. Genes are necessary to make proteins 5. During reproduction, a complete copy is made of all the genes and is given to each new organism.

5. II. DNA 1. Deoxyribonucleic acid Double helix Composed of nucleotides
2. Nucleotide parts
a) Sugar
b) Phosphate
c) Base

6. II. DNA 3. Nucleotide bases a) Adenine b) Thymine c) Cytosine
d) Guanine

7. II. DNA
4. Replication
a) Process used to make a copy of the DNA molecule
b) Enzymes “unzip” the DNA into two halves
c) Other nucleotides will join up with their normal pairing partners

9. III. RNA Ribonucleic acid Formed through transcription
Similar molecule to DNA
Formed through transcription

10. DNA RNA Double helix of nucleotides
Contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
Sugar is deoxyribose
Single chain of nucleotides
Thymine is replaced with uracil
Sugar is ribose

11. 2. Transcription DNA unzipped
RNA nucleotides lined up with one side of the DNA
DNA rezips
RNA leaves nucleus

12. III. RNA
3. Two types:
a) messenger RNA (mRNA)
b) transfer RNA (tRNA)

13. III. RNA
mRNA
tRNA
Carries the code located on the DNA to make the proteins
Carries the amino acids that will make up the proteins

14. III. RNA
mRNA
tRNA

15. IV. Protein Synthesis (Translation)
1. Proteins are assembled at ribosomes
a) mRNA carries code to the ribosomes
b) tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes

16. IV. Protein Synthesis (Translation)
c) Amino acid chains are formed
d) Chains are folded and twisted to form the 3D shape of the protein

17. IV. Protein Synthesis (Translation)

18. Folding for 3D Shape

19. Putting it all Together!

20. Putting it all Together!
Transcription
a) DNA to mRNA
b) Occurs in nucleus
Translation
mRNA to amino acid chain
Occurs in cytoplasm

22. Irreducible Complexity
1. All of the pieces have to be in place at the same time to produce a protein.
2. Life cannot exist without proteins.
3. God designed each organism’s DNA molecules.