1. Elizabeth Potts, Ph.D. Ali Ferguson, M.A.
Fundamentals of APA
Elizabeth Potts, Ph.D.
Ali Ferguson, M.A.

2. Background Why we care about style APA vs. Other Styles
If you submit a manuscript for publication

3. Title Pages Running heads Page numbers Title
Running head: EXAMPLE IN CAPS
Page numbers
Title
Centered, double-spaced, top half of the page
No more than 12 words

5. Running Head Shortened version of the title
After the first page, do not include words “Running head:”
Include part in “ALL CAPS” on all pages

6. Abstract Do not bold Center and capitalize the word “Abstract”
Do not indent the paragraph
Content
Short and sweet
Highlights of your paper, including findings/results if a study

8. First Page of Text
Title centered at top of page, not bolded or in italics
Indent ALL paragraphs
If you use Word, use “No Spacing”
Double space everything
Including block quotes
Do not use the heading “Introduction”
Write in left justified!

10. Headings
(APA, 2010, p. 62)

11. Apple History Text starts with regular paragraph formation on the next line and is indented. Biblical Times Adam and Eve’s tale. Start paragraph immediately afterward. Sowing seeds. Start paragraph immediately afterward. Apples as Money

12. Notes about Headings Do not use the heading “Introduction”
Do not use a level unless you have at least two items in the level

13. Check-In
Questions?

14. In-Text Citations
In general, cite your source for everything that is not general knowledge
Ex: “In society today, we use computers a lot”
Cite anything that is content specific
One author:
Ex: (Jones, 2010)

15. In-Text Citations, Cont.
Multiple authors:
List in order on reference page
List all authors first time (up to but not including six)
Ex: (Smith, Jones, Allan, & Fredericks, 2011)
Second and subsequent times cited, list first author and then “et al.”
Ex: (Smith et al., 2011)

16. In-Text Citations, Cont.
Multiple Citations Grouped Together
List in alphabetical order by first author’s last name
Separate with semicolons
Ex: (Allan et al., 2000; Jones, 1988; Zinna, 2011)

17. In-Text Citations, Cont.
Part of Sentence vs. Parenthetical
Spell out “and” in sentence; use “&” in parentheses
Ex: According to Smith and Jones (2010), apples are nutritious.
Ex: Apples are nutritious (Smith & Jones, 2010)
Citations go WITHIN the sentence (before the period), except for block quotes

18. In-Text Citations, Cont.
Citing Something Cited in Something You Read
You want to cite Reed and Dunman (1964), which you read about in Kirk (2010). You cannot find the Reed and Dunman work.
Ex: Pineapples aren’t as awesome as apples (Reed & Dunman as cited in Kirk, 2010).
Only Kirk goes in the reference page

19. Check-In
Questions?

20. Quotes
Make NO changes
Ex: “She ate they’re [sic] apples” (Fally, 2012)
Use quotation rules ANY time you copy directly from a source
Use sparingly
Introduce quote and immediately end with citation, including page number
Ex: Mays (2007) believes, “apples are more nutritious than cardboard” (p. 304)
Ex: “Apples are more nutritious than cardboard” (Mays, 2007, p. 304).

21. Block Quotes
Use for quotations more than 40 words—yes, you have to count them!
Still double spaced
Do not use quotation marks (unless quote within a quote)
Block indent
Every line is indented and aligned together on the left

22. Block Quote Example Fredericks (2010) claims the following:
Apples are very nutritious and delicious. You can use them in many different recipes and to enhance the flavor of other dishes. Chef Bob says, “Apples are the best thing in the kitchen.” Apples compliment pork chops, for instance. They are also excellent in desserts, such as pie, cobbler, and strudel. (p. 24)

24. Amendments

25. References After the last page of text
Center the word “References” (do not bold)
Double space
List in alphabetical order by first author’s last name
Left justify the first line; indent the second and subsequent lines

26. Anatomy of a Reference
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx(issue), pp–pp. doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx Griffin, C. C., Jitendra, A. K., & League, M. B. (2009). Novice special educators’ instructional practices, communication patterns, and content knowledge for teaching mathematics. Teacher Education and Special Education, 32, 319–336. doi: /

27. Issue Number or No Issue Number?
Only include the issue number if your journal has non-continuous pagination
How do I know?
If it is a high page number, it’s probably continuous
If the issue number is greater than 1 and the page numbers are bigger than 90 or so, it is probably continuous
If the issue number is great than 1 and the page numbers are smaller than 60 or so, it is probably not continuous
Do a search for other articles in the same journal to see if you find high page numbers

28. Check-In
Go to your source on Easybib and click on parenthetical. Copy and paste your parenthetical into your paper.

29. Tables Come right after references
Do not repeat information from a table directly in the text
Information in the table should be able to stand alone and enhance text
Suggest creating in Word or Excel, using the Tables function to get your lines right

30. Appendices Use sparingly for “extra” materials only
If one, label “Appendix”
If more than one, label alphabetically in capital letters (i.e., “Appendix A,” “Appendix B,” etc.)

31. General Grammar Write out numbers less than 10
Few exceptions
Use numerals for numbers 10 and greater
If mixed use, still follow rules above
Use the penultimate or serial comma
Ex: Fred, Max, Joe, and Ella went fishing
Wrong: Fred, Max, Joe and Ella went fishing.

32. Other Grammar Peeves Passive Voice Semicolon General verb agreement
Any form of the verb “to be” followed by a past tense verb
Semicolon
General verb agreement
Pronoun referent agreement
Verb tense consistency
Is research past or present?