2. This lecture will help you understand:
Human population growth
Different viewpoints on this growth
Population, affluence, and technology’s effects
Demography
Demographic transition
Factors affecting population growth
The HIV/AIDS epidemic
Population and sustainable development

4. Central Case Study: China’s One-Child Policy
In 1970, China’s 790 million people were exhausting their resources and faced starvation if growth continued
The government instituted a one-child policy
The growth rate plummeted
The policy is now less strict
The successful program has had unintended consequences
Killing of female infants and an imbalance in male to female ratios
Increasing number of elderly and fewer young people in the workforce

6. The human population is growing rapidly
Our population grows by over 70 million each year
We added the most recent billion in 12 years
Growth rates vary from country to country
The current world growth rate is _____%
At this rate, the human population of the planet would double/triple/quadruple in 58.3 years

9. Is population growth a problem?
Better technology, sanitation, medication, and increased food supply have increased growth
Death rates drop, but not birth rates
Infant mortality rate?
Population growth was seen as good
Support for elderly, a larger labor pool
_______________ wrote An Essay on the Principles of Population (1798)
Humans will outstrip food supplies
War, disease, starvation reduce populations

11. Is population growth a problem?
Neo-Malthusians believed?
Who wrote a book that supported these beliefs?
Intensified food production fed more people
Who believed we would find new resources?
Environmental scientists argue that there are finite resources
Land is limited, extinct species are gone forever

13. Some national governments now fear falling populations
Policymakers believe population growth increases economic, political, and military strength
But growth is correlated with ________________
Strong, rich nations have__________growth rates
Weak, poor nations have __________growth rates
Some nations offer incentives for more children
Elderly need social services
66% of European governments think their birth rate is too low
49% of non-European nations feel their birth rates are too high

14. Population is one of several factors that affect the environment
The IPAT model: what is the equation and what does each variable stand for?
Further model refinements include the effects of education, laws, and ethics on the formula

15. Population is one of several factors that affect the environment
Impact equates to pollution or resource consumption
Humans use ___% of Earth’s net primary production
Technology has increased/decreased efficiency and reduced our strain on resources, resulting in further population growth
Give an example
What has Modern China’s increasing affluence is caused? Give two effects.

16. Demography
Demography = the application of population ecology to the study of change in human populations
All population principles apply to humans
Environmental factors limit population growth
There is a carrying capacity for all species, including humans
Humans raise the environment’s carrying capacity through technology
How many humans can the world sustain?
1 billion to 33 billion: prosperity to abject poverty
Population growth can’t continue forever

17. Demography is the study of human population
Demographers study:
Population size
Density and distribution
Age structure
Sex ratio
Birth, death, immigration, and emigration rates
Current world population is just over 7 billion
Estimated to grow to over 9 billion by 2015

19. Population density and distribution
Populations on Earth are distributed equally/unequally? What kind of distribution is this?
Highest density areas contain what kind of biomes?
_______ are local high-density areas
Lowest density areas are found where?
___________density impacts the environment

21. Age structure
Age structure describes the relative numbers in each age class within a population
Age structure diagrams (population pyramids) show age structure
Wide base denotes __________
Low/high reproduction, slow/rapid population growth
_____________distribution: remains stable as births keep pace with deaths
_________base denotes more/fewer young than old
Population will likely increase/decrease over time

23. Age structure China’s age structure is changing
In 1970, the median age was 20; by 2050 it will be 45
By 2050, over 300 million will be over 65
Fewer people will be working to support social programs to assist the elderly

25. Sex ratios Unequal sex ratios can impact population growth
Human sex ratios at birth slightly favor males
For every 100 females born, 106 males are born
In China, 120 boys were reported for 100 girls
Culture values males over females
The government’s one-child policy
Females have been selectively aborted
The undesirable social consequences?
Many single Chinese men
Increased risk of HIV
Teenage girls are kidnapped and sold as brides

26. Population change results from birth, death, immigration, and emigration
Whether a population grows, shrinks, or remains stable depends on rates of birth, death, and migration
________and_________add individuals
________and_________remove individuals
Technological advances caused increased/decreased deaths
The increased/decreased gap between birth and death rates resulted in population expansion

27. Population change results from birth, death, immigration, and emigration
Immigration/emigration have become more important
This movement causes environmental problems
No incentives to conserve resources
Overall global growth rate has declined in recent years

29. Total fertility rate influences population growth
Total fertility rate (TFR)?
Replacement fertility?
TFR has been decreasing/increasing in many nations due to:
What three major movements or historical events?
In Europe as a whole, TFR is now 1.6
Natural rate of population change?

31. Many nations are experiencing the demographic transition
In countries with good sanitation, health care, and food, people live longer
Life expectancy?
Has increased with reduced rates of infant mortality
Demographic transition?
What does this explain?
How many stages does the population undergo?

32. Many nations are experiencing the demographic transition
Pre-industrial stage?
High/low birth rate to compensate for high infant mortality
Population growth is slow/fast
Transitional stage?
Birth rates remain high/low since people are not used to the low infant mortality/natality rates
Population grows quickly/slowly

33. Many nations are experiencing the demographic transition
Industrial stage ?
Difference between birth and death rates increases/decreases
Population growth slows/grows
Post-industrial stage?
Population stabilizes or even shrinks

35. Is the demographic transition a universal process?
It has occurred in Europe, the U.S., Canada, Japan, and other nations over the past 200–300 years
But it may or may not apply to developing nations
The transition could fail in cultures that:
Place greater value on childbirth
Grant women fewer freedoms
For people to attain the material standard of living of North Americans, we would need the natural resources of four and a half more Earths

36. Population and Society
Many factors affect fertility in a given society:
Access to family planning
Rates of infant mortality
Levels of women’s rights
Level of affluence
Importance of child labor
Government support for retirees

37. Family planning is a key approach for controlling growth
Birth control ?
Contraception ?
Rates range from less than 10% (14 countries in Africa) to 84% (China)

38. Family planning is a key approach for controlling growth
Low use of family planning may have different causes
Rural areas may have limited availability
Religious doctrines or cultural influences may reject family planning
Family planning gives women control over their reproductive window?
Potential to produce 25 children during the window
Family planning may delay first reproduction, space births, or “close” the window when desired family size is achieved

40. Family-planning programs are working around the world
Funding and policies that encourage family planning lower population growth rates in all nations, regardless of level of industrialization
Thailand’s educational-based approach to family planning reduced its growth rate from 2.3% to 0.5%
Brazil, Mexico, Iran, Cuba, and other developing countries have active programs
These entail setting targets and providing incentives, education, contraception, and reproductive health care

42. Empowering women reduces fertility rates
Where women have the ability to decide whether and when to have children, fertility rates fall, and children are better cared for, healthier, and better educated.
Fertility rates drop most noticeably when women gain access to contraceptives and family-planning programs
As women receive educational opportunities, fertility rates decline
Two-thirds of the world’s illiterate are women
Education leads to delayed childbirth as women pursue careers

44. Increasing affluence lowers fertility
Poorer societies have higher population growth rates
Why?
What can more affluent societies provide to the women?

46. Increasing affluence lowers fertility
Poverty exacerbates population growth; population growth exacerbates poverty
Population growth in poor nations increases/decreases environmental degradation
Farming degrades soil in arid areas (Africa, China)
Poor people cut forests, deplete biodiversity, and hunt endangered species (e.g., great apes)

48. Expanding wealth can increase the environmental impact per person
Affluent societies have more/less resource consumption and waste production
People use resources from other areas, as well as from their own
Ecological footprints are small/large
People in affluent societies have smaller/larger ecological footprints
Not only is the world population increasing, but the consumption per person is also rising

49. Expanding wealth can increase the environmental impact per person
Biocapacity?
What is the equation for Ecological deficit?
What is the equation for Ecological reserve?
We are running a global ecological deficit
Humanity’s global ecological footprint exceeds biocapacity by _____%
The richest ____% of the world’s population uses ____% of the world’s resources

51. HIV/AIDS is exerting major impacts on African populations
The AIDS epidemic is having the greatest impact since the Black Death in the 14th century
Of 34 million infected, two-thirds live in sub-Saharan Africa; 3800 die/day
Low rates of contraceptive use spread the disease
Infant mortality is 14 times that of the developed world
Life expectancy has dropped from 60 years in the 1990s to 40–50 years today
HIV is also well established in the Caribbean and in Southeast Asia, and it is spreading in eastern Europe and central Asia

53. Demographic change has social and economic repercussions
AIDS undermines the ability of poor nations to develop
Removes productive members of society
Cost of medical treatment is a huge burden
Millions of orphans require government services

54. Demographic change has social and economic repercussions
Demographic fatigue?
Good news: HIV transmission has increased/slowed recently

55. Population goals support sustainable development
1994 UN conference on population and development
Rejected top-down, command-and-control approaches that pushed contraceptives and preset targets
Urged education and health care
Urged addressing social needs (like poverty, sexism) from the bottom up
To generate a high quality of life for all people, developing nations must slow population growth
Developed nations must reduce resource consumption

56. Conclusion The human population is larger than at any other time
Rates are decreasing but populations are still rising
Most developed nations have passed through the demographic transition
Expanding women’s rights slows population growth
How will the population stop rising?
The demographic transition, governmental intervention, or disease and social conflict?
Sustainability requires a stabilized population to avoid destroying natural systems and leave a quality world

57. QUESTION: Review
What has accounted for most of the world’s population growth in recent years?
Women are having more babies.
Technology, medicine, and food have decreased death rates.
Fewer women are using contraceptives.
Nothing; the population has dropped in recent years.
Answer: b

58. QUESTION: Review
According to the I = P × A × T × S formula, what would happen if China’s 1 billion people had a lifestyle like that of Americans?
a) Their population would automatically drop.
b) Their population would automatically increase.
c) Their affluence and technology would increase.
d) Their impact on the environment would decrease.
Answer: c

59. QUESTION: Review Where is the highest density of people found?
In the colder climates (e.g., Siberia)
In temperate or tropical biomes
In rural areas
In drier areas
Answer: b

60. QUESTION: Review
An age structure diagram shaped like a pyramid with a wide base shows a/an ________ population.
increasing
decreasing
stable
older
Answer: a

61. QUESTION: Review
Describe the relationship between population growth rates and population size.
Falling growth rates automatically mean a smaller population.
Falling growth rates automatically mean a larger population.
Falling growth rates mean we no longer have a population problem.
Falling growth rates do not mean a smaller population, but that rates of increase are slowing.

62. QUESTION: Review
Pre-industrial societies tend to have higher growth rates because
good medical care prevents infant mortality.
there is little opportunity for women to get an education or employment.
governments provide social support networks for the elderly.
children are required to attend school.

63. QUESTION: Weighing the Issues
Should the United States fund international family- planning efforts?
Yes, absolutely.
Yes, but only in nations that follow U.S.-approved programs.
Only if it can influence the nations’ policies.
Never under any circumstances; it’s not our job.

64. QUESTION: Weighing the Issues
Would you rather live in a country with a larger population or smaller population?
Small population, so there will be more resources for me
Small population, so there will be more resources for others, including wildlife
Large population, so I can find a date
Large population, because people are our biggest resource

65. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data
What happens during the “transitional” stage of the demographic transition?
High birth and death rates rise—population increases
High birth and death rates—population is stable
High birth rates with low death rates— population increases
Low birth and death rates cause— population decreases

66. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data
According to this age pyramid, Nigeria’s future population will be
balanced.
larger.
much larger.
smaller.
much smaller.

67. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data
According to these graphs, which countries had access to family planning?
Iraq and Pakistan c) Malawi and Kenya
Malawi and Haiti d) Kenya and Bangladesh