1. Chapter Fourteen Institutional Programs

2. Learning Objectives
Describe how correctional programs help address the challenge of managing time in the correctional setting.
Describe the ways that security acts as a constraint on correctional programs offered in institutional settings.
Know the meaning of the “principle of least eligibility” and illustrate its importance.
Understand the importance of the classification process and how “objective classification” works.

3. Learning Objectives
Describe the major kinds of institutional programs that are offered in correctional institutions.
Analyze recent developments in the field of correctional rehabilitation.
Describe the main types of correctional industries and define how each works.
Understand the current pressures facing correctional programming policies.

4. Learning Objective 1
Describe how correctional programs help address the challenge of managing time in the correctional setting.

5. Managing Time Mitigate the oppressiveness of time
Provide opportunities for prisoners to improve their lives
Keep prison time from becoming dead time
More programs offered, the less likely inmates’ boredom will translate into hostility toward the staff
Work programs typically occupy daily hours.

6. Managing Time Prison program:
Any formal, structured activity that takes prisoners out of their cells and sets them to instrumental tasks.
5 types:
Rehabilitative
Medical service
Industrial
Daily facility maintenance
Recreational

7. Learning Objective 2
Describe the ways that security acts as a constraint on correctional programs offered in institutional settings.

8. Constraints of Security
No matter how beneficial a program is, it must not conflict with security
Whenever a program requires sharp tools, heavy security prevails.
Security requires tool counts, searches, and detailed accounting of materials.
Security requirements make maintenance and industrial programs inefficient.
Interactions with inmates are closely observed for security purposes.

9. Learning Objective 3
Know the meaning of the “principle of least eligibility” and illustrate its importance.

10. Least Eligibility
The doctrine that prisoners ought to receive no goods or services in excess of those available to people who have lived within the law.
General public often quite hostile to create programming.
Public does not want to reward criminal activity.
Prison programs frequently represent weak versions of free-society programs.
The disbanding of the Pell Grant program in is an example of this principle.

11. Learning Objective 4
Understand the importance of the classification process and how “objective classification” works.

12. Classification
Process by which prisoners are assigned to types of custody and treatment.
This typically is a 3 to 6 week process.
Sentenced felon introduced to the new status of prison
Depersonalize the inductee
Serves as management tool to ensure inmates are assigned to units appropriate to their custody level:
Separated from those who might victimize them
Grouped with members of their work assignment

13. Classification Objective classification: Predictive model:
Designed to distinguish inmates with respect to risk of escape, potential misconduct, and future criminal behavior.
Statistical techniques
Equity-based model:
Use only a few explicitly defined legal variables reflecting current and previous criminal characteristics, not used:
Race
Employment
Education

14. Learning Objective 5
Describe the major kinds of institutional programs that are offered in correctional institutions.

15. Institutional Programs
Rehabilitative programs:
Aim is reforming the offender’s behavior
Programs vary:
Psychological (Psychotherapy/Reality Therapy)
Behavioral
Social (Developing a Prosocial Environment)
Educational (GED programs)
Vocational (Vocational Rehab)
Substance abuse
Sex offender (Help overcome a variety of sexual issues)
Religious programs

16. Learning Objective 6
Analyze recent developments in the field of correctional rehabilitation.

17. Correctional Rehabilitation
Martinson’s 1974 study indicating prison rehabilitation is ineffective.
New vision:
Prison is a place that should provide safe and secure custody while punishing offenders.
Criminogenic needs:
Needs that when successfully addressed by treatment programs result in lower rates of recidivism.

18. Correctional Rehabilitation
Six conditions identified by researchers under which treatment will be effective:
Directed toward high-risk clients.
Responds to offenders’ problems that caused the criminal behavior
Take into account offenders’ psychological maturity
Providers are allowed professional discretion on how to manage offenders’ progress in treatment
Are fully implemented as intended
Offenders receive follow-up support after completing the treatment programs

19. Correctional Rehabilitation
Cost-benefit ratio:
A summary measure of the value of a correctional program in saving money through preventing new crime.

20. Learning Objective 7
Describe the main types of correctional industries and define how each works.

21. Institutional Programs
Prison industry:
Way to manage the restlessness and idleness of prison time
Viewed as part of the reformative process
Prison maintenance programs:
Typical prison must provide every major service available in a community:
Fire department
Electrical and plumbing
Janitorial maintenance
Mail delivery
Restaurant
Drug store

22. Correctional Industry
The contract labor, piece price, and lease systems:
A contractor provides raw materials and agrees to purchase goods made by prison inmates at a set price.
The public account system:
A prison buys machinery and raw materials that inmates manufacture into a salable product.

23. Correctional Industry
The state use system:
A labor system under which goods produced by prison industries are purchased by state institutions and agencies exclusively and never enter the free market.
The public works and ways system:
A labor system under which prison inmates work on public construction and maintenance projects.

24. Prison Maintenance Programs
The typical prison is similar to a town based on the array of services available.
The higher the power/prestige of the job the more desirable the job.
Jobs that provide access to contraband goods are also highly popular.

25. Prison Maintenance Programs
Constitute an elaborate pecking order of assignments
Choice of jobs involve access to power
Essential to managing the prison:
Lower the cost of operations by eliminating the need to hire outside labor.
Job hierarchy provides rewards and punishments to enforce discipline.

26. Institutional Programs
Recreational:
Two primary functions:
Integral to prison social life
Can be rehabilitative in several ways:
Teach social skills as cooperation and teamwork
Provide a means for prisoners to grow in experience and enhance their self-image
Serve as a productive counterpoint to the general alienation of prison

27. Learning Objective 8
Understand the current pressures facing correctional programming policies.

28. Current Pressures
Most rehabilitative programs have serious shortcomings and limited effectiveness.
Large number of inmates are not considered to need educational, vocational training, or drug/alcohol rehabilitation.
Services provided in prison settings are substantially less effective than the same programs in community.
Many believe participation in rehabilitation efforts should be voluntary.