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Paper 3 – sample paper 3

2. Q1
The scientific emphasis on causal explanations dictates that research must be carried out in a controlled manner in order to establish cause and effect. In the item the researcher controlled the independent variable which was very bright light and normal light. This was the only thing that changed in the two groups. Because of the high level of control over extraneous variables the researcher can be sure that any changes in the DV will be caused by the manipulation of the light intensity (the IV).

3. Q2
Holism is an approach where the whole person is studied. Reductionism is where smaller parts of a system/person are studied.
In the extract Dr. grant is following a reductionist approach. This is because he has reduced the complex disorder of depression down to brain chemistry. Dr Austen takes a more holistc approach because he is considering the person as a whole and looking at many influences on the behaviour such as relationships and other aspects of their lives.

4. Q2.2
Dr Austen should ensure all the personal details are kept confidential.

5. Q16.1
Speech poverty, which is limited and often repetitive speech output.

6. Q16.2
Jenny has been on typical antipsychotics which have reduced her positive symptoms. Typical antipsychotics are not effective in treating negative symptoms and so jenny is still suffering from these symptoms. By changing Jenny to atypical antipsychotics it is more likely that they will reduce the negative symptoms as well as the positive. Jenny also has side effects from the typical drugs and it has been found that drugs such as chlorpromazine can cause very unpleasant movement side effects and facial tics. The atypical antipsychotics are less likely to cause these side effects because they have less effect on the dopamine pathways and also target other neurotransmitters. They may therefore be more pleasant for Jenny to take.

7. Q16.3
One advantage of CBT is that it allows patients to take responsibility over their treatment. This is because CBT is a collaborative treatment and the patient is not just a passive recipient as in drug therapy.

8. Q30
Geographical profiling is a feature of the bottom up approach developed by Canter. It is a study of the spatial behaviour of criminals and involves a study of where the crimes have taken place to try and identify where the offender lives, works or socialises To develop a geographical profile there is an analtsis of the; crime scene, demographic data and local transport and street maps. Using this method criminals can be separated into marauders – who commit their crimes in a circle around their home, and a commuter who travels to commit the crime.

9. Q31
One psychodynamic explanation of offending behaviour is through psychosexual development and the development of the supergego. Freud believed that morality developed at the end of the phallic stage of development where the male child identifies with their father and a girl with her mother. This identification also includes taking on the same sex parents morality. Unsuccessful completion of the phallic stage may result in an underdeveloped superego and lower morality which may lead to criminal behaviour.

10. Q31
Freud also believed that individuals have an innate desire to seek pleasure and have an aggressive, destructive instinct. This desire may result in criminal behaviour to try and satisfy these innate desires.

11. Q31
According to psychodynamic theory early experience and parenting is very important. Therefore absent parents during early childhood could cause delinquent behaviours. This could include an absent father for boys or the lack of attachment figure for girls and boys.

12. Q31 discussion
Freud’s theory could be criticised for showing an Alpha gender bias. Freud said that females have a weaker superego due to weaker identification with their mother. This should result in more offending in females than males but this is not supported by statistics.
However, there is evidence to support the role of disrupted parenting in the development of anti-social and criminal behaviour. Bowlby identified that boys who showed affectionless psychopathy were more likely to report separation from thei mother before the age of 5 years than non affectionless psychopaths. This supports the psychodynamic theory as it emphasises the role of early childhood and parenting.

13. Q32
In this study repeated measures is an advantage as it removes the possibility of participant variables in the two groups. This means the researcher can be sure any differences in behaviour is more likely due to the behaviour modification rather than individual differences such as age, background and type of offence.

14. 32.2
S is the number of the signs that occur the least and differences are ignored. There are 8 prisoners where the acts decreased (-) and 2 where the aggressive acts increased (+). Therefore S=2

15. 32.3
The tables value of S when N=10 and P 0.05 is 1. The calculated value must be equal to or less than 1 to be significant. As the calculated value is 2 it is not significant.

16. 33
There are three main ways of measuring crime. These are: official home office statistics, victim surveys and Offender surveys. The main victim survey is the crime survey for England and Wales and is a face to face survey asking people about their experiences of crime. This is good as it is carried out on a yearly basis so is up to date and allows authorities to keep abreast of current trends in criminal behaviour. Offender surveys allow authorities to get information about crimes that do not get reported. A large scale example of this was the offending crime and justice survey, which was carried out between 2003 and 2006 and given to young people. They identified specific detail such as anti social behaviour peaks between the ages of 14 and 16. This was useful as it allowed authorities to gain information about risk factors such as drug and alcohol use. Both of these methods are self report measures which means that the data collected may not be reliable. Victims may be reluctant to reveal their experiences and offenders may exaggerate or underplay their involvement in criminal behaviour. Official statistics involves data on reported crimes such as anti social behaviour, drug crime and criminal damage. and so is not open to the problems of self report data