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EUKARYOTIC CELLS Topic 2.3 IB Biology Miss Werba
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TOPIC 2 - CELLS 2.1 CELL THEORY 2.2 2.5 CELL DIVISION
PROKARYOTIC CELLS 2.3 EUKARYOTIC CELLS 2.4 MEMBRANES 2.5 CELL DIVISION J WERBA – IB BIOLOGY 2
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THINGS TO COVER Ultrastructure of an animal cell – eg. hepatocyte
Functions of all cellular structures Comparison b/w prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells Comparison b/w plant & animal cells Roles of extracellular components J WERBA – IB BIOLOGY 3
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2.3 EUKARYOTIC CELLS eg. animal cells, plant cells, protist cells, fungi cells Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles Each organelle performs a specific function for the cell Eukaryotic cells divide by either: Mitosis (most body cells) Meiosis (forms gametes only) J WERBA – IB BIOLOGY 4
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2.2.3 EUKARYOTIC CELLS J WERBA – IB BIOLOGY 5
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EUKARYOTIC CELLS Animal cell
2.3.1 EUKARYOTIC CELLS Animal cell J WERBA – IB BIOLOGY 6
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EUKARYOTIC CELLS Animal cell
2.2.1 EUKARYOTIC CELLS Animal cell microvilli centrioles peroxisome golgi body nucleus (with nucleolus) ribosomes (80S) lysosome mitochondria cell membrane vesicle rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum J WERBA – IB BIOLOGY 7
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EUKARYOTIC CELLS Animal cell
2.2.2 EUKARYOTIC CELLS Animal cell Cell Membrane Semi-permeable barrier that controls the entry and exit of substances Cytosol The fluid portion of the cytoplasm (does not include the organelles or other insoluble materials) Nucleus Contains DNA and controls cell activities and division Nucleolus Site of the production and assembly of ribosome components Ribosome Protein synthesis (eukaryotic ribosomes larger than prokaryotic - 80S) Mitochondria Site of aerobic respiration J WERBA – IB BIOLOGY 8
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CELL MEMBRANE
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NUCLEUS
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RIBOSOMES
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MITOCHONDRIA
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EUKARYOTIC CELLS Animal cell
2.2.2 EUKARYOTIC CELLS Animal cell Golgi Apparatus Vesicles and folded membranes involved in the sorting, storing and modification of secretory products Lysosome Site of hydrolysis / digestion / breakdown of macromolecules Peroxisome Catalyses breakdwon of toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide and other metabolites Centrioles Involved in cell division Endoplasmic Reticulum A system of membranes involved in the transport of materials between organelles: Rough ER: covered with ribosomes and involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins destined for secretion Smooth ER: Involved in the synthesis and transport of lipids J WERBA – IB BIOLOGY 13
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GOLGI APPARATUS
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EUKARYOTIC CELLS Plant cell
2.3.5 EUKARYOTIC CELLS Plant cell J WERBA – IB BIOLOGY 17
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EUKARYOTIC CELLS Plant cell
2.2.5 EUKARYOTIC CELLS Plant cell Cell wall A structure outside the plasma membrane composed of cellulose that maintains cell shape, prevents excessive water uptake and holds the whole plant up against the force of gravity. Vacuole A large, permanent structure surrounded by a membrane that stores compounds, helps in plant growth, and plays a role in maintaining the structure of the cell. Chloroplasts Specialised organelles containing chlorophyll, a light sensitive pigment. This enables photosynthesis to occur. J WERBA – IB BIOLOGY 18
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COMPARE PROKARYOTES and EUKARYOTES
2.2.4 COMPARE PROKARYOTES and EUKARYOTES J WERBA – IB BIOLOGY 19
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COMPARE PROKARYOTES and EUKARYOTES
2.2.4 COMPARE PROKARYOTES and EUKARYOTES Feature Similarities Differences Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Genetic material DNA naked DNA (no histones) DNA associated with proteins circular DNA linear DNA DNA in cytoplasm DNA in nucleus Protein synthesis ribosomes 70S 80S Respiration no mitochondria; use mesosomes mitochondria Ultrastructure Membrane Cell membrane; no internal membranes Cell and internal membranes Reproduction Asexual (binary fission) Asexual (mitosis) or sexual (meiosis) Size Smaller (1-5μm) Larger(10-100μm) J WERBA – IB BIOLOGY 20
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COMPARE PLANT and ANIMAL CELLS
2.2.5 COMPARE PLANT and ANIMAL CELLS Feature Plant Animal Cell wall cellulose cell wall No cell wall Chloroplasts present in photosynthetic cells absent Vacuole large, permanent small, temporary Reserve food glucose stored as starch glucose stored as glycogen Centrioles Absent present Shape fixed, regular, box-like shape irregular, round shape Cholesterol absent in membrane present in membrane J WERBA – IB BIOLOGY 21
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EXTRACELLULAR COMPONENTS Plants
2.3.6 EXTRACELLULAR COMPONENTS Plants The cell wall is made from cellulose secreted from the cell, which serves the following functions: Provides support and mechanical strength for the cell (maintains cell shape) Prevents excessive water uptake by maintaining a stable, turgid state Serves as a barrier against infection by pathogens J WERBA – IB BIOLOGY 22
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EXTRACELLULAR COMPONENTS Animals
2.3.6 EXTRACELLULAR COMPONENTS Animals The extracellular matrix (ECM) is made from glycoproteins secreted from the cell, which serve the following functions: Provides support and anchorage for cells Segregates tissues from one another Regulates intercellular communication by sequestering growth factors J WERBA – IB BIOLOGY 23
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LABEL THIS HEPATOCYTE ① ⑯ ② ③ ⑮ ⑭ ⑬ ④ ⑫ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑪ ⑧ ⑩ ⑨ 2.3.3
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LABEL THIS HEPATOCYTE microvilli plasma membrane vesicle Smooth ER
2.3.3 LABEL THIS HEPATOCYTE microvilli plasma membrane vesicle Smooth ER lysosome vacuole Golgi apparatus mitochondrion Golgi vesicle nucleolus Rough ER nuclear envelope nucleus Chromatin/DNA cytoplasm ribosome J WERBA – IB BIOLOGY 25
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