1. Hematology Lesson 1: Blood Formation and Components47
Hematology
Lesson 1:
Blood Formation and Components

2. Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to …
Define and spell the terms to learn for this chapter.
List the components of blood, including the liquid and cellular portions and functions of each.

3. Blood Formation and Blood Components
Hematopoiesis: formation of blood cells
Blood cells originate from the hematopoietic stem cell, but mature into one of seven individual types of cells

4. Critical Thinking Question
Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in adults?

5. Blood Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes) – five types:
Granular leukocytes (have granules in their cytoplasm)
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil 5

6. Blood Nongranular leukocytes (do not have granules in their cytoplasm)
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Platelets (thrombocytes) 6

7. Red Blood Cells Formed in bone marrow Contain hemoglobin
Formation controlled somewhat by erythropoietin

8. Function of Hemoglobin
Carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body
Carry carbon dioxide (a waste product) from the body back to the lungs, where it can be expelled with exhalation
When hemoglobin is carrying oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin
When it is carrying carbon dioxide, it is called carboxyhemoglobin

9. Red Blood Cells
Last for about 4 months and are continuously being reproduced in the body
The normal RBC range for a male adult is 4.5 to 6 million/mm3
The normal female RBC range is 4 to 5.5 million/mm3

10. White Blood Cells Also known as leukocytes
Produced in bone marrow from stem cells
Divided into several different types
Originate in the bone marrow from stem cells
Larger than RBCs
Principal function is to defend against infection
The range of WBCs in an adult is 4.5 to 11 thousand/mm3

11. Leukocyte Classification
Granular Leukocytes (have granules in their cytoplasm)
Neutrophils: Important for phagocytosis
Eosinophils: Destroy parasites and increase during allergic reaction
Basophils: Release histamine and heparin to damaged tissue 11

12. Leukocyte Classification
Nongranular leukocytes (do not have granules in their cytoplasm)
Lymphocytes: Provide protection through immunity
Monocytes: Important for phagocytosis 12

13. Five Types of White Blood Cells

14. Neutrophils
Divided into two categories: segmented neutrophils and nonsegmented neurophils
Named this because the granules are neutral in color on the laboratory-stained slide
The body reproduces neutrophils on an ongoing basis, and they only survive for a few days 14

15. Neutrophils
Reproduction is increased when bacterial infection is occurring
Neutrophils combat infection by phagocytosis
Phagocytosis is the process in which the neutrophil surrounds, swallows, and digests the bacteria 15

16. Eosinophils Also assumed to be produced by the bone marrow
Detection of a large number of eosinophils can indicate a parasitic condition or the presence of certain allergic conditions
Have granules that produce a red color on the laboratory-stained slide
Are called this due to the stain eosin, which is used in the staining of blood smears 16

17. Basophils Thought to be produced by the bone marrow
Produce heparin – a substance that prevents clotting
Increased amounts may be found in patients who have had their spleen removed
Patients who have had excessive exposure to radiation may also have increased basophils 17

18. Basophils Contain the vasodilator histamine
Appear in tissues where an allergic reaction is occurring
Concentration of basophils may contribute to the severity of allergic reactions 18

19. Lymphocytes
Produced in the bone marrow and in lymphoid tissue such as the spleen and lymph nodes
Produce antibodies against foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, and pollens 19

20. Lymphocytes Are small and large and can proliferate into B and T cells
B cells may convert into plasma cells, which produce antibodies
T cells can produce helper cells, cytotoxic cells, and suppressor cells
To diagnose an individual with HIV, testing is performed to evaluate the type and amount of T cells present
Lymphocytes do not have granules and are nonsegmented 20

21. Monocytes Formed in the bone marrow from stem cells
Assist in phagocytosis
Ingest foreign particles or bacteria that the neutrophils are unable to digest
Assist in cleaning up cellular debris that may have been left from the infection
An increase in monocytes is seen in patients who have certain diseases such as tuberculosis, typhoid, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever 21

22. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Smallest of all blood cells
Formed in the bone marrow
Main function is to assist in the clotting of blood
Typically between 150,000 and 400,000 platelets/mm3
Increase around an area that is bleeding to assist in the formation of clots
Leads to formation of thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin 22

23. Liquid Blood Formation and Components
Plasma – liquid component of blood
Plasma transports substances in blood through the body
Water makes up 90 percent of plasma
10 percent of plasma is solutes
Plasma is about 55% of the total blood.

24. Solutes in the Plasma
Plasma proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, and prothrombin)
Electrolytes, also called ionic solutions because they contain free ions (sodium, potassium, and chloride)
Glucose
Amino acids
Lipids and carbohydrates

25. Solutes in the Plasma
Metabolic waste products (urea, lactic acid, uric acid)
Creatinine
Respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Miscellaneous substances (hormones, antibodies, enzymes, vitamins, and mineral salts)

26. Formed Elements of Blood26

27. The Function of Blood Transportation Protection
Transports oxygen and nutrients
Removes carbon dioxide from body
Transports waste to the liver, kidneys, and skin for elimination

28. Questions? 28