1. ORACLE SQL

2. SQL*Plus commands
Sqlplus username/password ALTER USER user-name IDENTIFIED BY newpassword START filename filename CLEAR SCREEN HELP <command> SAVE filename[.ext] REPLACE|APPEND EXIT

3. SQL Both an ANSI and ISO standard Types of commands:
Data Definition Language (DDL) : Create, Alter, Drop, Rename, Truncate
Data Manipulation Language (DML): Insert, Delete, Update
Data Retrieval: Select
Transaction Control: Commit, Rollback, Savepoint
Data Control Language (DCL): Grant, Revoke

4. DEPARTMENT POSITION QUALIFICATION Dept ID Name Location 10 Finance
Charlotte 20
Infosys
New York 30
Marketing
Woodbridge 40
Accountant
California
POSITION
QUALIFICATION
Position ID
Description 1
President 2
Manager 3
Programmer 4
Accountant 5
Salesman
Qualification ID
Description 1
Doctorate 2
Masters 3
Bachelors 4
Associates

5. EMPLOYEE Emp ID Last Name First Position Super Hire Date Salary Comm
Dept
Qual
111
Smith
John 1
04/15/60
265000
3500 10
246
Houston
Larry 2
05/19/67
150000
1000 40
123
Roberts
Sandi
12/02/91
75000
433
McCall
Alex 3
543
05/10/97
66500 20 4
Dev
Dereck
03/15/95
80000
2000
200
Shaw
Jinku 5
135
01/03/00
24500
3000 30
222
Chen
Sunny
08/15/99
35000
Garner
Stanley
02/29/96
45000
5000

6. Data Definition Language:
CREATE TABLE {table}
( {column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[column_constraint] ... | table_constraint}
[, { column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[column_constraint] ... )
ALTER TABLE {table}
[ADD|MODIFY {column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [column_constraint]}
[DROP drop_clause]
DROP TABLE {table} [cascade constraints]
DESC {table}

7. empid Decimal(10) NOT NULL, positionid Number(2),
CREATE TABLE Emp (
empid Decimal(10) NOT NULL,
positionid Number(2),
supervisorid Number(3),
deptid Number(2),
qualid Number(1),
lname varchar2(10),
fname varchar2(10),
salary Decimal(10,2),
hiredate Date,
commission Decimal(4,2),
PRIMARY KEY (empid))
FOREIGN KEY (positionid) REFERENCES Position(positionid),
FOREIGN KEY (deptid) REFERENCES Dept(deptid),
FOREIGN KEY (qualid) REFERENCES Qualification(qualid) );
ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY Commission decimal(7,2);

8. Data Manipulation Language:
INSERT INTO {table | view} [ (column [, column] ...) ]
VALUES (expr,expr ...)
UPDATE {table | view }
SET { (column [, column] = { expr | }
[WHERE condition]
DELETE [FROM] {table | view} [WHERE condition]

9. INSERT INTO Dept( deptid,deptname,location)
VALUES(50,'IT','Dallas');
INSERT INTO Emp(empid,
lname,fname,positionid,
supervisorid,hiredate,
salary,deptid,qualid)
VALUES(227,'howser','Barbara',4,111,'25-AUG-83',45000,10,3);
UPDATE dept SET deptname='Sales' WHERE deptID=50;
DELETE FROM dept
WHERE deptid='50';

10. Data Retrieval: SELECT [DISTINCT | ALL] {table|view}
FROM {table | view}
[WHERE condition ]
[GROUP BY expr [, expr]]
[ORDER BY {expr} [ASC | DESC]]
select * from dept;
select deptname from dept where deptid='10';
select lname,fname from emp order by lname desc;
select max(salary) from emp group by positionid;
select deptname from dept,emp where
dept.deptid=emp.deptid and emp.empid='111';

11. ROLLBACK [ to {savepoint}] SAVEPOINT {name}
Transaction Control:
COMMIT
ROLLBACK [ to {savepoint}]
SAVEPOINT {name}
commit;
savepoint point1;
rollback to point1;

12. Data Control Language:
GRANT [privileges]
ON object TO user|public
[WITH GRANT OPTION]
REVOKE [privileges]
ON object TO user|public
[CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]
grant select,update on emp to XYZ ;
revoke update on emp to XYZ;