1. Bellringer: Why are polar bears white instead of brown?
Evolution Notes
Bellringer: Why are polar bears white instead of brown?

2. What are some questions that can be answered by Evolution?
Why do so many different animals have the same structures, the arm bones in a human are the same bones as a flipper in a whale?
Why do organisms have structures they no longer use, like the appendix in a human? Or…Nonfunctioning wings in penguins?
Why are there bones and fossil evidence of creatures that no longer exist? What happened to these creatures?
Why do so many organisms’ morphology and anatomy follow the same plan?
Why is the sequence of DNA very similar in some groups of organisms but not in others?
Why do the embryos of animals look very similar at an early stage?

3. EVOLUTION IS A THEORY!
The Theory of Evolution is considered a “Theory of Biology”, because it answers many of these questions and offers and explanation for the data.

4. Why are polar bears white instead of brown?

5. Why are polar bears white instead of brown?
White fur helps polar bears blend into the Arctic ice and snow so they can hunt more successfully.
White fur has a survival advantage for polar bears.
As millions of years passed, and generations upon generations of polar bears survived and reproduced, natural selection occurred in the bear population to favor white fur.

6. Horse evolution

7. Horse evolution
Imagine going back in time 50 million years. You see a horse about the size of a cat.
Would you believe you are looking at an ancestor of the modern horse?
Eohippus was only 20 cm Eohippus was only 20 cm tall at the shoulders and had five toes.
A modern horse is about 150 cm tall at the shoulders and has only one toe.

8. Let’s examine the evidence supporting this statement.
What is evolution and what is the evidence that supports it as a theory?
Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations.
Let’s examine the evidence supporting this statement.

9. Adaptation & evolution
An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive.
Adaptations include body structures that help an organism feed, move around, and protect itself.

10. Adaptation & Evolution
Evolution is the process of how organisms acquire adaptations over time.
Through evolution, the structures of organisms become organisms become adapted for their functions.

11. Evolution is a branching process.
All life forms had a common beginning.

12. There is great diversity in living species.
Diversity means variety.
Scientists estimate that there are between 5 and 30 million living species.

13. There is great diversity in living species.
Among those species are single-celled bacteria that lack cell nuclei, single-celled eukaryotes that have cell nuclei, and multicellular fungi, plants, and animals.

14. From where did all these different species come?
All life forms evolved from a common ancestor and new species branch off from earlier species.
An ancestor is an organism from which others have descended.

15. From where did all these different species come?
Evidence supporting that all life evolved from a common ancestors comes from similarities among all cells.

16. All cells have a similar cell membrane.

17. Many cells have the same type of cellular respiration – the process which makes most of the energy in the cell.

18. Also, all cells have DNA as their hereditary material.

19. Make since of this diagram. What does this tell you?

30. What are the derived characters shown in this cladogram?
A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
What are the derived characters shown in this cladogram?
Placenta
Live birth
Hair
Openings in skull for muscles
Amniote egg
Which group on the cladogram arose first?
Amphibians
Do amphibians have an amniote egg?
Do turtles have an amniote egg?
YES NO

31. Marsupials and placental mammals
Which two groups on the cladogram seem to be most closely related?
Birds and Dinosaurs
List the groups that have hair.
Monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals.
List the groups that give live birth to their young.
Marsupials and placental mammals
Placenta
Live birth
Hair
Openings in skull for muscles
Amniote egg
What are the derived characters of the monotremes?
Amniote egg, openings in skull, and hair.
Which two groups have the most shared derived characters?
Marsupials and placental mammals

61. Flip to the Next
Page of Notes!