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X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Crystallography

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Presentation on theme: "X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Crystallography"— Presentation transcript:

1 X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Crystallography

2 Diffraction Diffraction: the various phenomena that are associated with wave propagation (e.g., bending and interference of waves) when the wave passes by an object that disrupts the wave.

3 Diffraction The complex patterns of a diffracted wave result from interference between different rays that traveled to the observer along different paths.

4 Diffraction Diffraction effects are most noticeable when the wavelength of waves is similar to the size of the diffracting objects or apertures.

5 Diffraction of Visible Light
Visible light is diffracted by slits/objects that are spaced at ~ 500 nm (0.5μm)

6 X-Rays and Crystals Wavelengths of x-rays are around 10 to 0.01 nanometers, approximately one thousand times shorter than the wavelength of visible light. X-rays should be diffracted by slits/objects ~ 0.1 nm (1 Angstrom)

7 X-Rays and Crystals Spacing of atoms in a crystal lattice are in the order of 0.1 nm X-rays have wavelengths in the order of 0.1 nm X-rays are diffracted by crystals

8 X-Rays and Crystals

9 X-Rays and Crystals In 1919 A.W. Hull noted the following:
Every crystalline substance can produce an x-ray diffraction pattern; The same substance always gives the same pattern; A mixture of substances each produces its pattern independently of the others. The diffraction pattern of a pure substance is like a fingerprint of the substance Minerals can be identified by their diffraction pattern

10 X-Ray Diffraction

11 Bragg’s Law

12 Multiple d-Spacings

13 X-Ray Diffractometer

14 X-Ray Diffractometer

15 XRD Patterns Quartz Calcite

16 XRD Patterns Quartz Calcite

17 XRD and Clays Serpentine, var. Antigorite Serpentine, var. Lizardite

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