1. Notes on Nationalism and Unification

2. Nationalism Nationalism inspired independence movements in Europe
Napoleon inspired nationalism with ideas of legal equality for all, religious freedom, economic freedom
People felt more loyal to own nation/state than to France, just like American colonists had felt

3. Haitian Independence (first Latin American revolution)
Haiti is on the island of Hispaniola
Was a large plantation colony owned by France
Most inhabitants were slaves
France was busy fighting wars at home
Toussaint L’Ouverture led slaves in a revolt against France. L’Ouverture died in prison but revolt succeeded.
Haiti became independent in 1804.

4. Social Order of Latin America
Peninsulares-rulers in the colonies
that were born in Europe (Spain or
Portugal)
Creoles—descendents of the Peninsulares but born in the colonies
Mestizzos—people with mixed
Native American and European blood
Mulattos—people with mixed
African and European blood

5. Mexican Independence
Father Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic priest, led mestizzos in an uprising against creoles and peninsulares for independence in 1810
Hidalgo was executed for his actions but he inspired freedom
In 1821 creoles announced independence for Mexico from Spain
Mexico became a republic in 1823
That same year many other Central American countries gained independence also.

6. South American Independence
Jose San Martin freed Argentina from Spanish rule in1810 (southern S.A.)
Simon Bolivar led revolts in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador
Both met in Peru, joined forces and crushed the Spanish army
By 1824 nearly all of S.A. was free of colonial rule

7. German Unification Germany made up of almost 40 states
Largest was Prussia, known for militarism
Prussian king, Wilhelm I, wanted to unite Germany
With Otto Von Bismark he used policy of “blood and iron” (strong military) to unite Germany
Fought with Denmark, Austria, and France (Franco-Prussian War)
By 1871 Germany is unified
Wilhelm I is “kaiser” (emperor
Otto Von Bismark is chancellor (prime minister)
Strong industry and military make Germany strongest country on European continent

8. Italian unification Italy is divided into states
Count Camillo Cavour won independence in northern Italy from Austria
Revolutions in middle Italian states won them freedom
Giuseppe Garibaldi organized revolts in southern Italy—used guerrilla warfare
Met with Cavour—united all of Italy by 1870