1. Behavioral Adaptations and Communication
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2. Behavioral Patterns
Behavior- the way an animal reacts to changes in its environment
Response – a specific reaction
Stimulus – something in the environment to which an organism responds.
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3. Innate Behavior (Instincts)
Inborn pattern of behavior that is genetically coded
Maternal instincts, “primal fear”, competition
Babies - suckling
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4. Suckling Innate behavior of infants and young mammals
Provides food to the baby, allows survival
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5. More Instincts How to make a nest How to find food, what to eat
How to mate
Where to migrate
How to avoid predators
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6. Reflexes Automatic reaction to a stimulus without conscious control
Can be innate or learned
i.e. Knee jerk, blinking, pulling hand from hot stove
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7. Infant Reflexes
Grasping
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8. Taxis
Taxis – movement of an organism due to an external stimulus (animals – not plants!)
Can be (+) toward stimulus or (-) away from stimulus
Phototaxis – response to light
Chemotaxis – response to chemical
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9. Migration
Seasonal movement of species members due to environmental condition changes
i.e. Geese and Whales
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10. Why Migrate?
Weather gets colder
Food supplies get scarce
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11. Estivation
State of dormancy, usually during the summer, occurring in many amphibians, such as frogs.
Lower metabolic rate, and will sometimes begin to respire anaerobically
Response to environment being hot and dry and unfavorable
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12. Hibernation
Act of passing the winter in a deep sleep, with lower metabolic functions and heart rate.
Strategy for dealing with decreased food supplies in winter
ie. bears
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13. Advantages of migration and hibernation
Allows animal to survive periods when food and other resources are not available
Allows animal to take advantage of favorable conditions in another location
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14. Learned Behavior Behavior determined by prior experiences
Humans: learning to drive, read, sew
Dog: sit, fetch, stay
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15. Learned Behavior Imprinting- Learning based on early experience
Once occurred, cannot be changed
Keeps young animals close to mother who protects and feeds them
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16. Konrad Lorenz
Imprinting with Geese
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17. Learned Behavior
Habituation – learning process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus Example: You live near a train track and after a while you no longer “hear” the train whistle
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18. Habituation An animal learns not to respond to a repeated stimulus
Example: Dog stops barking at familiar people
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19. Learned Behavior
Classical Conditioning – teaching a response to a new stimulus
Ex: Pavlov’s Dogs
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20. Learned Behavior
Trial and Error – learning through positive (food, praise) and negative (punishment) reinforcement
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21. Communication Passing of information from one organism to another.
Visual signals
Chemical signals
Sound signals
Language
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22. Social Behavior
Communication in social insects using pheromones (chemical signals).
Bees, ants and termites
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23. Courtship Rituals Behaviors which precede mating.
Can consist of dancing, posing, fighting, “jousting”
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24. Purpose of Mating Rituals?
Enables animals to identify healthy, reproductively fit mates of the same species
Courtship rituals are species specific
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25. Blue footed booby
Peacock
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26. Courtship in animals is the behaviour by which different species select their partners for reproduction. Usually, the male starts thecourtship, and the female chooses to either mate or reject the male based on his "performance". Many animals have mate-selection courtship rituals
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27. Courtship Dance with cranes
Red Crowned Cranes
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28. Social Behavior Territorial Defense – Conserves resources
Protects organisms from getting hurt by fighting
Fighting Fish
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29. Mocking bird “mobbing” an American Kestrel
Bighorn Sheep
Mocking bird “mobbing” an American Kestrel
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30. 12/30/2018

31. 12/30/2018

32. Plant Responses & Adaptations
Edwin P. Davis, M.Ed.

33. Auxins
Auxins are produced in the apical meristem and are transported downward into the rest of the plant.
Auxins stimulate cell elongation.
The Auxin collects on the dark side of the shoot, this causes greater growth here and as a result, the shoot bends towards the light source.

34. Tropisms The response of plants to external a stimuli
Plant tropisms include: gravitropism, phototropism, and thigmotropism.

35. Phototropism
The tendency of a plant to grow toward a source of light

36. Gravitropism
The response of a plant to the force of gravity

37. Thigmotropism Response of plants to touch
Growth is a response to touch a plant will curl & twist around objects
Grapevine