1. Chapter Ten Incarceration

2. Learning Objectives
Explain how today’s prisons are linked to the past.
Discuss the goals of incarceration.
Be familiar with the organization of incarceration.
Discuss the factors that influence the classification of prisons.
Explain who is in prison.

3. Learning Objective 1
Explain how today’s prisons are linked to the past.

4. Links to the Past
Oldest prison in America still houses prisoners (New Jersey)
Elements of major reform movements still found in prisons.
During 60s and 70s when rehabilitation dominated, big block prisons were converted into correctional institutions.
During this time frame treatment programs became a big part prison life.
Number of African American and Hispanic inmates has greatly increased.

5. Links to the Past More inmates:
Come from urban areas
Convicted of drug related and violent offenses
Increased number of correctional officers joining public employee unions
Focus of corrections has changed to crime control.
Modern prison faces:
Racial conflicts
Legal issues
Limited resources
Growing population

6. Learning Objective 2
Discuss the goals of incarceration.

7. Goals of Incarceration
The custodial model:
Emphasizes security, discipline, and order.
Assumption is that prisoners have been incarcerated for the purpose of incapacitation, deterrence or retribution.
The rehabilitation model:
Emphasizes the provision of treatment programs designed to reform the offender.
Security and housekeeping are preconditions for rehabilitative efforts.
The reintegration model:
Emphasizes maintenance of the offender’s ties to family and the community as a method of reform, in recognition of the fact that the offender will be returning to the community.

8. Learning Objective 3
Be familiar with the organization of incarceration.

9. Organization of Incarceration
Federal Bureau of Prisons:
1930:
Federal Bureau of Prisons created:
Responsible for, “the safekeeping, care, protection, instruction, and discipline of all persons charged or convicted of offenses against the U.S.”
Today:
Highly centralized:
Director
6 regional directors
Staff of over 38,000
More than 210,000 prisoners
Bureau oversees penitentiaries, correctional institutions, detention centers, prison camps, and half-way houses.

10. Federal Bureau of Prisons
Drug offender numbers steadily increased.
Currently constitute about 53.3% of incarcerated population
Over 53,000 federal inmates are citizens of other countries
Bureau provides a variety of self improvement programs including vocational education, anger management and life skills training.
Operate 102 confinement facilities:
5 security levels from minimum to high
1 Super max in Florence, CO

11. State Prison Systems Executive branch administers prisons.
Prisons administered by a warden or superintendent.
Approximately 390,000 people work in state institutions.
States vary in number, size, type, and location of correctional facilities.
The number of offenders in each state’s system relates to a variety of factors including sentencing practices, legislation and politics.

12. Learning Objective 4
Discuss the factors that influence the classification of prisons.

13. Designs of Prisons A variety of prison designs exist including:
The Radial Design
The Telephone Pole Design
Courtyard Style
Campus Style

14. Maximum Security
Designed and organized to minimize the possibility of escapes and violence; to that end, it imposes strict limitations on the freedom of inmates and visitors.
355 facilities in U.S. that house 38% of state inmates
Strict routines
Headcounts are frequent
Structures are built to last, and tend to be older.

15. Medium Security
Designed and organized to prevent escapes and violence, but restrictions on inmates and visitors are less rigid than in maximum-security facilities.
438 in U.S. holding 43% of state inmates
Resemble maximum security, organized differently
More privileges and contact with outside world
Campus or courtyard style
Razor-wire, guard towers remain

16. Minimum Security
Designed and organized to permit inmates and visitors as much freedom as is consistent with the concept of incarceration.
926 facilities housing 19% of state inmates
Lacks guard towers and walls
Prisoners live in dormitories or small private rooms.
More personal freedom
Still a prison

17. Private Prisons Taxpayers pay $38.2 billion for prisons:
$3.3 billion for inmate medical care
$1.2 billion for feeding prisoners
$996 million for utilities
By end of 2009, private facilities housed 129,336 inmates, 73.6% of which were under state jurisdiction.
Corrections Corporation of America dominates the private prison system and is the 5th largest correctional system in the US.

18. Private Prisons Continued
A variety of ethical and legal issues exist with regard to private prisons.
Difference in programming
Costs
Accountability
Legal Issues

19. Learning Objective 5
Explain who is in prison.

20. Who is in Prison? Majority are men Members of minority groups
Convicted of violent crimes
40% of state prisoners have not completed high school
44% of prisoners rearrested within first year after release
25% within 3 years
A growing number of individuals over the age of 55 are currently in prison

21. Figure 10.5 characteristics of state prisoner inmates

22. Who is in Prison? History of persistent criminality
Increased number of elderly prisoners
Many prisoners with HIV/AIDS
Mentally ill
Long-term prisoners
A variety of issues regarding each of these types of prisoners