1. Chapter 7 “Creating A Republic”
This was the Constitutional Convention.

2. 7.1 MAIN IDEA
THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION CREATED A WEAK CENTRAL GOVERNMENT & A LOOSE ALLIANCE OF INDEPENDENT STATES.

3. 7.1 A Loose Confederation The States Write Constitutions
**A. Constitution-document that sets
out laws, principles, organization & processes of a government
**1. List 2 reasons states wanted written constitutions. a. b.
**B. Bill of rights-list of freedoms that government promises to protect
C. State governments
1. Executive
2. Legislature
**3. Execute-carry out laws
4. Right to vote-men over 21 who owned land
**D. List 2 ways the state governments were similar to the colonial governments. 1. 2.

4. 7.1 A Loose Confederation
II. **The Articles of Confederation, 1777-created a loose alliance of the 13 states
Limited Powers
1. Colonists felt loyal to their states instead of central government
2. Congress’s powers-declare war, appoint military officers, coin money, foreign affairs
3. List Congress’s limitations-couldn’t regulate trade between states or between states & foreign countries, no power to tax
4. The Articles government lacked president & court system
B. Dispute Over Western Lands-Maryland wouldn’t ratify constitution unless other states gave up claims to lands west of Appalachians
**1. Ceded-gave up

5. 7.1 A Loose Confederation
III. Weaknesses of the Confederation-central government couldn’t resolve problems between states, no power to tax, money was worthless
A. Conflicts Between States-New Hampshire & New York claimed Vermont
B. Money Problems-money was worthless because it wasn’t backed by gold or silver
**1. Currency-money
C. Other Nations Take Advantage
1. Britain refused to withdraw troops fro Ohio Valley
2. Spain closed New Orleans to American shipping

6. 7.1 Articles of Confederation-Congress
Congress could:
declare war
appoint military officers
coin money
take care of foreign affairs
Congress’s powers were limited:
nine states had to approve a law before it could go into effect
could not regulate trade
had no power to tax; had to ask the states for money; states could not be forced to contribute
there was no president to execute, or carry out, the laws
there were no courts to settle conflicts

7. **7.1 Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation-Central Government
Conflicts between states
The central government did not have power to resolve such conflicts.
Money problems
The central government did not have power to raise taxes. States often refused to contribute money. The government could not pay its debts.
Continental Congress had printed paper currency, or money. However it had little value because it was not backed by gold or silver.
Each state printed its own money, which caused confusion.
Foreign countries took advantage of the confederation
Britain refused to pull troops from the Ohio Valley.
Spain closed the port of New Orleans to Americans.

8. 7.1 A Loose Confederation IV. Admitting New States
**A. Land Ordinance of 1785-set up a system for settling the Northwest Territory; townships; sections
**B. Northwest Ordinance, 1787-set up a government for Northwest Territory; guaranteed basic rights; outlawed slavery; provided for future separation

9. **7.1 How Congress Admitted New States to the Union
Land Ordinance of 1785
set up a survey system that divided the land into townships and sections
set aside land to support public schools
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
set up a government for the Northwest Territory
guaranteed basic rights to settlers
outlawed slavery in the territory provided for the region to be divided into separate territories; once a territory had 660,000 free settlers, it could ask Congress to be admitted as a new state, equal to the original states

10. 7.1 Land Ordinance of 1785

11. 7.1 A Loose Confederation V. A Call for Change Farmers Revolt
**Depression-time when business activity slows, prices & wages fall, & unemployment rises
Farmers’ problems-couldn’t repay loans & government raised taxes
**Shay’s Rebellion, 1786-attacked courthouse & stopped farmers’ lands from being taken.
**Why did Shays’ Rebellion worry many Americans?
B. A Convention Is Called

12. **7.1 Why Americans Wanted a Change in the Articles
The nation suffered a depression—a period when business activity slows, prices and wages fall, and unemployment rises.
Massachusetts raised taxes, and the courts seized the farms of those who could not pay. Many farmers took part in Shays’ Rebellion, led by Daniel Shays. They attacked courthouses and kept officials from seizing farms.
Many Americans saw Shays’ Rebellion as a sign that the Articles of Confederation did not work.

13. 7.2 MAIN IDEA
DELEGATES TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1787 HAD TO COMPROMISE ON KE ISSUES IN ORDER TO COMPLETE A NEW CONSTITUTION.

14. 7.2 The Constitutional Convention
I. The Delegates to the Convention, 1787
An Amazing Assembly
1. Goal of convention-revise Articles
2. Rhode Island-didn’t send delegates
3. George Washington-president of the Convention
4. Alexander Hamilton-hated Articles
B. **James Madison-what is he called?
C. Secret Debates

15. 7.2 The Constitutional Convention
II. Two Rival Plans
**The Virginia Plan-called for a strong national government with 3 branches; legislature had 2 houses with seats based on population
**Legislative branch-pass laws
**Executive branch-carry out laws
**Judicial branch-system of courts
**Why did small states oppose the Virginia Plan?

16. 7.2 The Constitutional Convention
B. **The New Jersey Plan-called for 3 branches of government; legislature had one house where each state had one vote
III. **The Great Compromise
**1. Compromise-a settlement where each side gives up some of its demands to reach an agreement
2. House of Representatives-lower house; elected by popular vote; based on states’ population
3. Senate-upper house; chosen by state legislatures

17. **7.2 Rival Plans for Government
Virginia Plan
Proposed by Edmund Randolph & James Madison of Virginia
New Jersey Plan
Proposed by William Patterson of New Jersey
Supported by large states
Supported by small states
Strong national government with three branches.
legislative branch —passes laws
executive branch —carries out laws
judicial branch —courts would decide if laws were carried out fairly
Legislative branch—two houses Seats awarded on basis of population. Larger states would have more representatives than smaller states.
Legislative branch—one house Each state gets one vote. Small states and big states would have equal representation.

18. **7.2 Great Compromise *Great Compromise
Large states wanted two houses of Congress with a state’s representatives decided according to the state’s population.
Small states wanted Congress to have one house and each state to have two senators.
The compromise—a two-house legislature.
Members of the lower house—the House of Representatives—would be elected by popular vote. Seats would be awarded according to population.
Members of the upper house—the Senate—would be chosen by state legislatures. Each state would have two senators.

19. 7.2 The Constitutional Convention
IV. Northern & Southern States Compromise
**A. The 3/5ths Compromise-3/5th of slaves in any state would be counted as population
B. The Slave Trade
1. Congress couldn’t outlaw the slave trade for at least 20 years
2. No state could stop a fugitive slave from being returned to an owner

20. 7.2 The Delegates Compromised
Three-Fifths Compromise
Southerners wanted to include slaves in the population count to determine seats in the House, even though they could not vote.
Northerners objected. Since slaves could not vote, they should not be counted.
The compromise - Three fifths of the slaves in any state would be counted.
The Slave Trade
Northerners wanted to ban the slave trade.
Southerners said a ban on the slave trade would ruin their economy.
The compromise - Congress would not outlaw the slave trade for at least 20 years. After that, Congress could regulate the slave trade. Meanwhile, no state could stop a fugitive slave from being returned.

21. 7.2 The Constitutional Convention
V. Signing the Constitution
A. Some feared that the Constitution gave too much power to the national government
Washington presiding at the signing of the Constitution

22. 7.3 MAIN IDEA
IN WRITING THE CONSTITUTION, AMERICANS DREW ON ANCIENT TRADITIONS, ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS & THEIR OWN EXPERIENCE.

23. 7.3 Ideas Behind the Constitution
I. The Lessons of Rome’s Republic
The Roman Example
**1. Founding Fathers-Madison, Jefferson & others
**2. Republic-government
where people rule themselves
through elected representatives
3. 2 virtues of Rome
a. Independence
b. Public service
Rome’s Pantheon

24. 7.3 Ideas Behind the Constitution
C. The Roman Warning
1. Greece, Rome & Great Britain-
**2. Name 1 thing American leaders learned
from ancient Rome-
D. Magna Carta-had 2 basic ideas that helped
shape British & American government:
1. English kings had to obey law
2. English nobles had certain rights
E. English Bill of Rights:
1. Parliamentary elections would be held regularly
2. Trial by jury & citizens to bear arms
**3. Habeas corpus-no person could be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime

25. **7.3 British Traditions of Freedom
Magna Carta
English monarchs themselves had to obey the law. For example, the king could not raise taxes without consulting the Great Council.
English nobles—and later, other people—had rights, including rights to property and the right to trial by jury.
English Bill of Rights
It stated that parliamentary elections should be held regularly.
It upheld the right to trial by jury.
It allowed citizens to bear arms.
It affirmed the right of habeas corpus, the idea that no person could be held without being charged with a specific crime.

26. 7.3 Ideas Behind the Constitution
III. The American Experience
A Constitutional Tradition
1. The Mayflower Compact, st document of self government in North America
B. The Revolutionary Era
**1. Why did framers draw from their own experiences?
2. Framers familiar with workings of 2nd Continental Congress, Articles, & state governments
3. Constitution made of Articles & state constitutions

27. **7.3 The American Experience
Constitutional Tradition
Mayflower Compact, the first document of self-government in North America
written colonial charters
Revolutionary Era
memory of grievances against the English king, expressed in the Declaration of Independence
experience of the Second Continental Congress
experience with the Articles of Confederation
experience with state governments and state constitutions

28. 7.3 Ideas Behind the Constitution
IV. Teachings of the Enlightenment
Locke & Natural Rights
**1. List 1 idea of the European Enlightenment
that the Constitution was based on.
2. John Locke-Natural rights
3. Montesquieu-separation of powers
**4. Separation of powers-3 separate branches of government
**5. What 4 things was the Constitution based on? (Hint-look at the Roman numerals!) a. b. c. d.
John Locke

29. 7.4 MAIN IDEA
AFTER HEATED DEBATES, THE 13 STATES VOTED ONE BY ONE TO APPROVE THE NEW CONSTITUTION.

30. 7.4 Ratification & the Bill of Rights
I. Federalists Debate Antifederalists
The Federalist Position
1. 9 of 13 states had to ratify Constitution
**2. Federalists-wanted strong federal (national) government; supported Constitution; Articles gave too much power to the states; believed we didn’t need a Bill of Rights
**2. The Federalist Papers-essays written by Madison, Hamilton & John Jay

31. 7.4 Ratification & the Bill of Rights
B. The Antifederalist Position- the national government was too strong & states were too weak; Constitution gave the President too much power
II. Key Issue: Need for a Bill of Rights
**A. Antifederalists’ main objection to the Constitution-

32. **7.4 Federalists v. Antifederalists
for a strong federal, or national, government.
The Constitution gave the national government enough power to function effectively.
The Constitution still protected the rights and powers of the states.
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay wrote a series of essays— The Federalist Papers —to explain and defend the Constitution.
The Constitution already protected the rights of citizens well enough.
Antifederalists
against the Constitution.
The Constitution made the national government too strong.
The Constitution made the states too weak.
Patrick Henry-the President had too much power and that someday a President might try to become king.
The Constitution had no bill of rights to protect natural rights, such as freedom of speech and religion.

33. 7.4 Ratification & the Bill of Rights
III. The States Vote to Ratify
New England Approves
1. Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, Rhode Island
B. Last Holdouts
1. Virginia, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island
**C. Where did the nation celebrate on July 4, 1788?

34. 7.4 Ratification & the Bill of Rights
IV. Adding a Bill of Rights
Proposed & Ratified
1. George Washington & John Adams-1st President & Vice President
**2. Amend-change
**3. Bill of Rights-1st 10 amendments
B. The Bill of Rights
1. 3rd Amendment-government can’t house troops without your consent
2. 6th & 7th Amendments-right to trial by jury
3. 1st Amendment-freedom of speech, press & religion
**4. Why did the new government quickly take steps to amend the Constitution?

35. The United States by 1802

36. 7.4 The US by 1803